{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:03:03Z","timestamp":1789534983556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52378241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52378241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378241"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3711600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3711600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nanjing Construction Industry Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["Ks2335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ks2335"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles are promising structural cores for lightweight sandwich panels, but their strong longitudinal response is accompanied by weak transverse resistance and local web instability. A matched experimental programme examined rectangular hollow pultruded GFRP profiles and vacuum-infused sandwich panels under four-point bending, short-span three-point bending and flatwise compression in H and V orientations. Changing from H to V increased the peak loads of individual profiles by 9.35% in four-point bending and by 26.06% in short-span loading but reduced the flatwise compressive peak load by 30.12%. For integrated panels, the same reorientation increased the four-point bending peak load by 22.74%, caused only a marginal change in short-span capacity and reduced the flatwise compressive peak load by 28.24%. Failure involved local web buckling, web shear damage, longitudinal splitting, laminate delamination and interfacial debonding. Continuous face sheets and wrapping laminates restrained local deformation and contributed to substantial post-damage resistance, consistent with load redistribution within the integrated section. Relative to a baseline comprising three individual profiles and the corresponding hollow FRP reference panel, integrated-panel capacities increased by 15.76%, 37.71% and 78.44% under four-point bending, short-span loading and flatwise compression, respectively. These results identify profile orientation and transverse web stability as key design parameters for pultruded-profile-core sandwich panels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"3906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orientation-Dependent Mechanical Response and Composite Action of Rectangular Pultruded GFRP Profiles and Integrated Sandwich Panels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban Construction, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016068","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000729","article-title":"State-of-the-art review on FRP sandwich systems for lightweight civil infrastructure","volume":"21","author":"Manalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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