{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:31:18Z","timestamp":1789659078129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fuyang Transportation Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd.","award":["FY2024QT0205-1-Z1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2024QT0205-1-Z1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01z6fgx85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The structural system, construction stage, and damper parameters have significant influences on the seismic performance of single-pylon cable-stayed bridges. To investigate the seismic responses of the bridge under various construction stages, nonlinear finite-element models were established in OpenSees for the pylon stage, large cantilever stage and completed bridge stage. Parametric analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of pylon-to-girder connection and viscous dampers. Incremental dynamic analysis, parametric analysis and fragility analysis were carried out with the finite element model. The results indicate that, compared with the semi-floating system, the pylon\u2013girder rigid-connection system provides stronger longitudinal restraint, leading to smaller pylon-top displacement, girder displacement, and bearing displacements, but results in a higher bending moment and curvature demand at the pylon base. Installing viscous dampers in the longitudinal direction can reduce bearing displacements. The probabilities of girder unseating damage and pylon-base bending failure continuously increase as construction progresses from the pylon stage to the large cantilever stage and finally to the completed-bridge stage. The fragility analysis further shows that the rigid-connection and semi-floating systems exhibit different vulnerability characteristics at both the component and system levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1789639143000},"page":"3948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seismic Response and Fragility Analysis of a Single-Pylon Cable-Stayed Bridge Considering the Construction Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiangliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Transportation Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd., Fuyang 236000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Transport Consulting and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Transportation Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd., Fuyang 236000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Haodong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Transportation Energy Investment Group Co., Ltd., Fuyang 236000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Huaxu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zengliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1616","article-title":"Earthquakes cannot be predicted","volume":"275","author":"Geller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chang, K.C. (2000). Damage of Bridges in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey and Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquakes. Implications of Recent Earthquakes on Seismic Risk, World Scientific."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05023001","DOI":"10.1061\/JBENF2.BEENG-6023","article-title":"Seismic uplift effect at end spans of long-span rigid-frame bridges subjected to near-fault and far-fault ground motions","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Liu, Y.-J., Zhang, K., Kong, Y.-Z., and Guan, P.-W. (2026). Seismic fragility analysis of single-pylon double-plane highway cable-stayed bridge. Struct. Concr.","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.70572"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3063402","article-title":"Simulation of the In Situ Spatially Varying Ground Motions and Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of the Cable-Stayed Bridge","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-023-06346-7","article-title":"Structural response of cable-stayed bridges exposed to strong earthquakes during construction","volume":"120","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2007)12:3(364)","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability and mitigation during construction of cable-stayed bridges","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"125","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability assessment of extradosed bridges during cantiveler construction","volume":"28","author":"Benjumea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Ing. Construcc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850011","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793431118500112","article-title":"Shake table studies on viscous dampers in seismic control of a single-tower cable-stayed bridge model under near-field ground motions","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Tsunami"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A4013003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000468","article-title":"Seismic fragility relationships of a cable-stayed bridge equipped with response modification systems","volume":"19","author":"Barnawi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M.H., and Fenves, G.L. (2006). OpenSees Command Language Manual, PEER Center. Available online: https:\/\/opensees.berkeley.edu\/OpenSees\/manuals\/usermanual\/OpenSeesCommandLanguageManual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"McKenna, F., Fenves, G.L., and Scott, M.H. (2026, July 10). Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation. Available online: https:\/\/opensees.berkeley.edu."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:6(704)","article-title":"Geometrically Nonlinear Flexibility-Based Frame Finite Element","volume":"124","author":"Neuenhofer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Taucer, F.F., Spacone, E., and Filippou, F.C. (1991). A Fiber Beam-Column Element for Seismic Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures, University of California. Available online: https:\/\/peer.berkeley.edu\/publications\/eerc-reports\/UCB-EERC-91-17.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Spacone, E., Ciampi, V., and Filippou, F.C. (1992). A Beam Element for Seismic Damage Analysis, University of California. Available online: https:\/\/peer.berkeley.edu\/publications\/eerc-reports\/UCB-EERC-92-07.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"13","article-title":"Stress-strain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates","volume":"79","author":"Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Proc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)","article-title":"Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete","volume":"114","author":"Mander","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Filippou, F.C., Popov, E.P., and Bertero, V.V. (1983). Effects of Bond Deterioration on Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Joints, University of California. Available online: https:\/\/peer.berkeley.edu\/publications\/eerc-reports\/UCB-EERC-83-19.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (2026, July 10). PEER Ground Motion Database. Available online: https:\/\/ngawest2.berkeley.edu."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.695","article-title":"Does amplitude scaling of ground motion records result in biased nonlinear structural drift responses","volume":"36","author":"Luco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2985772","article-title":"A semi-automated procedure for selecting and scaling recorded earthquake motions for dynamic analysis","volume":"24","author":"Kottke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"153","article-title":"Study on Mechanical Performance of Single-Pylon Cable-Stayed Bridge with Steel-Concrete Composite Girder during Construction Process","volume":"29","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anhui Archit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262289","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2262289","article-title":"Investigation on seismic response of long-span special steel truss cable-stayed bridge","volume":"2022","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6724029","DOI":"10.1155\/stc\/6724029","article-title":"Influence of Bridge Bearings on Mitigating Nonlinear Seismic Responses of Straddle-Type Monorail Trains","volume":"2025","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Evaluation of Optimal Intensity Measures in Fragility Analysis of Cable-stayed Bridges","volume":"44","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tongji Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000290","article-title":"Seismic fragility of retrofitted multispan continuous steel bridges in New York","volume":"17","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.141","article-title":"Incremental dynamic analysis","volume":"31","author":"Vamvatsikos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04025082","DOI":"10.1061\/JBENF2.BEENG-7260","article-title":"Evaluation of modal contributions to transverse seismic responses of diamond-shaped pylon: Experimental and numerical analyses","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05019007","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001413","article-title":"Seismic response of single pylon cable-stayed bridge under scour effect","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015006","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000262","article-title":"Seismic design of a long-span cable-stayed bridge with fluid viscous dampers","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Kang, L., Guo, X., and Zheng, X. (2024). Study on the structural stability of partial cable-stayed bridges with multiple towers and high piers during construction. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310631"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"33","article-title":"Earthquake response analysis of the long-span cable-stayed bridge\u2019s main pylon at construction stage","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020118","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001665","article-title":"Shake table test on a long-span cable-stayed bridge with viscous dampers considering wave passage effects","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khedmatgozar Dolati, S.S., Mehrabi, A., and Khedmatgozar Dolati, S.S. (2021). Application of viscous damper and laminated rubber bearing pads for bridges in seismic regions. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11111666"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2026.2675","article-title":"Optimisation study of mechanical restraining system in cable-stayed bridges under strong earthquakes","volume":"Volume 2025","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IET Conference Proceedings CP975"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2006.03.034","article-title":"Passive hybrid systems for earthquake protection of cable-stayed bridge","volume":"29","author":"Soneji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"32","article-title":"Study of Structural Seismic Response Characteristics of Long-Span Rail-cum-Road Steel Truss Girder Cable-Stayed Bridges","volume":"45","author":"Ruan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bridge Constr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.655","article-title":"Seismic fragility methodology for highway bridges using a component level approach","volume":"36","author":"Nielson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:4(526)","article-title":"Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC federal emergency management agency steel moment frame guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Cornell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-023-01647-5","article-title":"Seismic fragility estimation of cable-stayed bridges with various pylon shapes considering soil-pile interaction","volume":"21","author":"Variyavwala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019143","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001526","article-title":"System fragility assessment of tall-pier bridges subjected to near-fault ground motions","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016027","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000888","article-title":"Seismic assessment of medium-span concrete cable-stayed bridges using component and system fragility functions","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/23789689.2025.2540129","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability assessment of skewed concrete I-girder bridges considering various structural systems","volume":"11","author":"Kiarad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustain. Resilient Infrastruct."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3948\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:07:20Z","timestamp":1789639640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19183948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19183948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}