{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:04:51Z","timestamp":1789646691547,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industry University Research Project","award":["AZ-2024-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ-2024-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Against the backdrop of global green and low-carbon development, recycling industrial solid waste for building-material applications attracts increasing attention. In this work, a composite solidifier (SGPC) was prepared using soda residue (SR), ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), phosphogypsum (PG) and Portland cement. Fluidized solidified soil was produced by incorporating 15% recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Chemical-erosion tests including strong-acid, strong-alkaline and neutral-sulfate corrosion were carried out. Mass-loss-rate and unconfined-compressive-strength-loss-rate measurements at different exposure ages, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterisation, were adopted to investigate the macroscopic durability, hydration-product phases and microstructural features of RCA-modified solidified soil. The test results show that under acid corrosion, the 120 d strength-loss rate decreases from 19.86% (RCA-free group) to 9.02% for specimens containing 15% RCA. Under alkaline corrosion, the 120-d mass-loss rate of the RCA-modified group reaches only 0.33%, much lower than 1.46% of the group without RCA. Under sulfate corrosion, the 120-d strength-loss rate drops from 5.65% to 2.02% after RCA addition. This work provides experimental data and theoretical support for the joint utilisation of multi-source solid waste and recycled aggregates in soil-solidification engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:41:35Z","timestamp":1789645295000},"page":"3949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Study on the Durability of Solidification Materials Based on Multi-Source Solid Waste Using Recycled Aggregates in Chemical Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Industrial & Energy Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9987-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haowei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1097-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2025.102231","article-title":"Preparation of multi-industry solid waste synergistic low-carbon sustainable grouting material: Optimal regulation, diffusion characteristics, synergistic mechanism, and environmental and economic evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2026.147592","article-title":"Exploring three industrial waste-derived alkali activators in high-phosphogypsum supersulfated cement: Properties and hydration kinetics","volume":"542","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03123001","DOI":"10.1061\/JHTRBP.HZENG-1181","article-title":"Utilization of industrial waste phosphogypsum as geomaterial: A review","volume":"27","author":"Thakur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Toxic. Radioact. Waste"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1680\/jgrma.24.00122","article-title":"Utilizing waste materials in concrete: A review on mechanical and sustainable performance","volume":"14","author":"Manan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Green Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2005.12.009","article-title":"Effects of recycled concrete aggregates on properties of asphalt concrete","volume":"48","author":"Paranavithana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, J., Ren, F., Bai, K., Li, M., Han, S., Liu, J., Lei, Z., and Tan, M. (2025). Synergistic and Environmental Impacts of Industrial Solid Waste and Cement Clinker in Shield Muck Solidification: A Case Study in Shijiazhuang City. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17198743"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhu, L., Wan, D., and Xue, Y. (2025). Research progress and trend analysis of solid waste resource utilization in geopolymer concrete. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15183370"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Li, J., Zhang, S., Huang, X., Wang, X., Wang, Y., and Ni, W. (2023). Research progress of low-carbon cementitious materials based on synergistic industrial wastes. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16052376"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, J., Kontoleon, K.J., Majdi, A., Naqash, M.T., Deifalla, A.F., Ben Kahla, N., Isleem, H.F., and Qaidi, S.M.A. (2022). A comprehensive review on the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete production. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148783"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal, R., Hans, M., and Bansal, E. (2023). Impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Inland Water Wetlands: Solid Waste Management. Handbook of Research on Safe Disposal Methods of Municipal Solid Wastes for a Sustainable Environment, IGI Global Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-6684-8117-2.ch020"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Mahmood, M.H., Akber, A.R., and Iqbal, M.S. (2026). Alkaline and acidic soils pose problems for nutrient availability: Mitigation strategies. Sustainable Soil Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-40584-6.00001-2"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"101135","article-title":"Carbon emission, durability and application of solid waste based solidification material solidification soil","volume":"31","author":"Shu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e01465","article-title":"Study on laboratory and engineering application of multi source solid waste based soft soil solidification materials","volume":"17","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, K., Zeng, G., Shu, B., and Luo, D. (2023). Study on the performance and solidification mechanism of multi-source solid-waste-based soft soil solidification materials. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134517"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"124339","article-title":"Mix Design of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA): Analysis of Review Papers, Characteristics, Research Trends, and Underexplored Topics","volume":"280","author":"Prasittisopin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140533","article-title":"Synergistic reuse of red mud and circulating fluidised bed fly ash in self-compacting recycled concrete","volume":"470","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A., Zhan, Q., Dong, W., Gu, W., Zhou, J., and Pan, Z. (2022). Influence of recycled fine aggregate content on properties of soft soil solidified by industrial waste residue. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217580"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"460","article-title":"Study on Mechanical and Frost Resistance Properties of Soil Solidification Rock Recycled Aggregate Concrete","volume":"33","author":"Teng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2024.105470","article-title":"Recent advances in cementless ultra-high-performance concrete using alkali-activated materials and industrial byproducts: A review","volume":"148","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095506","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/acf915","article-title":"Effects of surface modified recycled coarse aggregates on concrete\u2019s mechanical characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Panghal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.120302","article-title":"Solid waste-based cementitious material for ground granulated blast furnace slag based on soda residue activation: Preparation, properties and mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.121422","article-title":"Flowable Clay Stabilization Using Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials: Performance, Mechanisms, and Low-Carbon Features","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102488","article-title":"Study on durability characteristics of solidified sediment in semi-dynamic acid soaking environment","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Ji, Y., and Hao, X. (2025). Interfacial Damage Mechanisms and Performance Prediction in Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Coatings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings15040441"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.145246","article-title":"Effect of calcium hydroxide pretreatment on bonding and ITZ microstructure of carbonated coarse RCA in mortar","volume":"510","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Wang, X., Li, Y., Li, Q., and Yue, G. (2024). Evaluation on Preparation and Performance of a Low-Carbon Alkali-Activated Recycled Concrete under Different Cementitious Material Systems. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194869"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e04696","article-title":"Coupled effects of different sulfuric acid concentrations and treatment methods on the corrosion rate of concrete materials","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105548","article-title":"Experimental study on failure mechanism of recycled coarse aggregate concrete under uniaxial compression","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"101048","article-title":"Study on corrosion resistance and microstructure of modified sediment geopolymer materials","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135955","article-title":"Performance of concrete containing sulfate-eroded recycled aggregates","volume":"424","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.02.266","article-title":"Early hydration properties and microstructure evolutions of MgO-activated slag materials at different curing temperatures","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1680\/jadcr.25.00044","article-title":"Preparation and mechanical properties of red mud-based geopolymer recycled concrete","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134310","article-title":"A sustainable low-carbon pervious concrete using modified coal gangue aggregates based on ITZ enhancement","volume":"377","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Jiang, Y., and Liu, C. (2026). Identifying Key Pore Structure Parameters for Predicting Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Fly Ash Cement Pastes. Buildings, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings16163220"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2026.123118","article-title":"Sustainable cemented paste backfill of ultrafine tailings using CSP-cement composite: Particle grading regulation and multi-scale mechanism","volume":"485","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135023","article-title":"Durability and erosion mechanism of biomass-coal mixed combustion ash geopolymer backfill under compound erosion","volume":"414","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.70379","article-title":"Influence of recycled fine aggregate on sulfate attack resistance of alkali-activated slag\/fly ash concrete: Macro, micro properties and thermodynamic modeling","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.03.011","article-title":"Acid attack on hydrated cement\u2014Effect of mineral acids on the degradation process","volume":"74","author":"Gutberlet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138027","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into two-stage expansion of concrete under external sulfate attack","volume":"446","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2026.115611","article-title":"Recycled mixed aggregate concrete: Quadruple interfacial structure system and its influence mechanisms on mechanical properties","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:47:31Z","timestamp":1789645651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19183949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19183949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}