{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:02:45Z","timestamp":1790053365871,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52378205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["52378205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["262300421013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262300421013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Training Program for Young Backbone Teachers of Henan Provincial Institutions of Higher Education","award":["2023GGJS002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GGJS002"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province","award":["K-2323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K-2323"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province","award":["242102320019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320019"]}]},{"name":"Zhongyuan Talent Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-existing damage in reinforced concrete (RC) beam\u2013column joints may induce strain incompatibility between the original member and subsequently applied strengthening layers, limiting the applicability of conventional flexural-capacity models. This study experimentally and analytically investigates pre-damaged RC beam\u2013column joints strengthened with high-strength steel strand wire mesh-reinforced engineered cementitious composite (HSSWM\u2013ECC). Eight specimens were tested to evaluate the effects of pre-damage level, steel strand spacing, and axial compression ratio on beam-end flexural behavior. HSSWM\u2013ECC effectively suppressed crack localization and concrete spalling, and all strengthened specimens ultimately exhibited beam-end flexural failure while the columns and joint cores remained largely intact. Compared with the unstrengthened specimen, the peak load increased by 39.24\u201363.88%. Reducing the strand spacing from 70 to 30 mm increased the peak load by 8.86%, whereas the higher pre-damage level caused an 11.28% reduction relative to the undamaged strengthened specimen. Within the investigated axial compression ratio range of 0.2\u20130.4, the difference in peak load remained below 3.64%, whereas increasing axial compression was associated with more pronounced post-peak strength degradation. Based on sectional force equilibrium and the plane-section assumption, an analytical model was developed by incorporating damage-induced strain lag and the contribution of the wrap-around side strengthening layers. The predicted capacities of the seven strengthened specimens agreed well with the experimental results, with deviations within 7%. The proposed model provides a rational approach for evaluating the beam-end flexural capacity of pre-damaged RC beam\u2013column joints strengthened with HSSWM\u2013ECC within the investigated parameter range and flexure-dominated failure mode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19184002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1790011397000},"page":"4002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flexural Capacity Calculation Method for Pre-Damaged RC Beam\u2013Column Joints Strengthened with High-Strength Steel Strand Mesh-Reinforced ECC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shuaijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou College of Finance and Economics, Zhengzhou 450044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yaoxin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINO-SINA Building Materials Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 452370, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINO-SINA Building Materials Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 452370, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.112273","article-title":"Seismic upgrading of existing reinforced concrete buildings: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"240","author":"Gkournelos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. 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