{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:07:35Z","timestamp":1792789655381,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Higher Education Institutions Philosophy and Social Sciences Project","award":["2023W129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023W129"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province major special research project on \u201cStrengthening the Awareness of the Chinese Nation Community\u201d","award":["ZLKTQN25030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZLKTQN25030"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Start-up Fund of Shanxi Datong University","award":["2023-B-64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-B-64"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023-B-64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-B-64"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Horizontal Cooperation Project of Shanxi Datong University","award":["202512054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202512054"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["202512054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202512054"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"open project of Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Microstructure Electromagnetic Functional Materials at Shanxi Datong University","award":["202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202502"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202502"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yungang Special Fund of Shanxi Datong University","award":["2023YGYB25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YGYB25"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023YGYB25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YGYB25"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8xc553","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yungang Academy Funding: Open Research Project on Yungang Studies","award":["2026YGZD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026YGZD02"]}]},{"name":"the Shanxi Province Patent Transformation Plan Project","award":["20250037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250037"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Yungang grottoes (5th to 6th centuries AD) were one of the largest and most artistically valuable ancient grotto complexes in China and were a precious World Cultural Heritage site. Influenced by the natural environment and human factors, various deterioration features appeared in the Yungang grottoes. Taking Cave 29 as the research object, field investigations were conducted to analyse the deterioration features and their distribution within Cave 29. To further analyse the formation mechanisms of deterioration features and the preservation conditions, multi-technique testing methods were used. Infrared thermal imager clearly identified hollowing, cracks and surface salt efflorescence zones. Leeb hardness testing on Cave 29\u2019s walls gave average rebound values of 283\u2013308 HLD, all values were lower than the average rebound values of fresh rock (661.4 HLD), indicating weathering-induced surface hardness reduction. Ultrasonic testing showed the east wall had the highest wave velocity (avg. 1928 m\/s), indicating the best preservation, while the south wall had the lowest (avg. 1378 m\/s), indicating the most severe weathering. Microscopic observations, ion chromatography measurements, and p-XRF were preliminarily determine that CaSO4 could be preliminary inferred as the dominant soluble salt phase present at this site. All these findings provided scientific data to support preventive protection and scientific conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19184003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1790011397000},"page":"4003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Technique Analysis and Research on the Deterioration Features of Cave 29 in the Yungang Grottoes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Yungang Ology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Microstructure Electromagnetic Functional Materials, and Institute of Solid State Physics, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yungang Academy, Datong 037007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2637-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Yungang Ology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Microstructure Electromagnetic Functional Materials, and Institute of Solid State Physics, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Su, B. 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