{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:10:52Z","timestamp":1790014252826,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["BG-RRP-2.013-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.013-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis is a natural, accessible, and valuable bee product belonging to the group of so-called bioproducts. Its composition varies significantly depending on a number of factors, resulting in a wide range of data. The aim of this work is to investigate the antimicrobial effect of propolis extract, prepared with 70% ethanol, on packaging paper. Three propolis samples from Bulgaria were used: from the Northeastern region\u2014harvest 1993 and 2023\u2014and from the Central region\u2014harvest 2023. Paper samples from a cellulose blend only and a base paper with improved hydrophobicity from cellulose blends of two samples of bleached kraft woodfree pulp are used for the analysis. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract from propolis is tested against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus cereus, Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a yeast, Candida albicans, and a mold, Fusarium verticillioides. The growth of microbial colonies is observed for up to 120 h. The results show over 90% effect when treating paper with ethanol extract of propolis, which is an indication that it has significant potential for inclusion in antimicrobial active packaging materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19184016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1790011397000},"page":"4016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Ethanol Extract of Propolis on Paper Packaging Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanka","family":"Damyanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnologies and Food Technologies, University of Ruse \u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d, Razgrad Branch, 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5464-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darina","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnologies and Food Technologies, University of Ruse \u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d, Razgrad Branch, 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliana","family":"Kostova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnologies and Food Technologies, University of Ruse \u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d, Razgrad Branch, 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliyana","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnologies and Food Technologies, University of Ruse \u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d, Razgrad Branch, 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Vanya","family":"Prodanova-Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Faculty, South-West University \u201cNeofit Rilski\u201d, 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Sliven Faculty and College, Technical University of Sofia, 8800 Sliven, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ivelin","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Technology and Metal Cutting Machines, University of Ruse \u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8916-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albena","family":"Stoyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3484-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrina","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1797 Sofia, 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