{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:04:32Z","timestamp":1790139872302,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52171235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5241102867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5241102867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52171235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171235"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["5241102867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5241102867"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the program for scientific research start-up funds of Guangdong Ocean University","award":["360302032205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["360302032205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0462wa640","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["360302032205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["360302032205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0462wa640","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Plan Project","award":["2025CXPT053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXPT053"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Laboratory of Aluminum Advanced Manufacturing in Binzhou","award":["SLAAMB OP 2025YB 08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLAAMB OP 2025YB 08"]}]},{"name":"Youth S&amp;T Talent Support Programme of Guangdong Provincial Association for Science and Technology","award":["SKXRC2025401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKXRC2025401"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035vmht26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Yunfu City Science and Technology Programme Projects","award":["S2024020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2024020102"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Young Innovative Talents Programme for General Higher Education Insti-tutions","award":["2023KQNCX282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KQNCX282"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Science and Technology Program","award":["2025E01044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025E01044"]}]},{"name":"Qingyuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2025YFJH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFJH005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laser melting deposition (LMD) was employed to fabricate 5.0 wt.% TiC-reinforced 316L composite coatings, and the role of laser power in governing microstructure evolution and performance was systematically investigated. Particular emphasis was placed on the laser-power-dependent evolution mechanism of TiC, covering the coexistence of retained undissolved TiC and fine reprecipitated nanoscale TiC phases; critically, this work clarifies their combined regulating effects on hardness, wear, and corrosion behavior, advancing the understanding of structure-property correlation for LMD 316L\/TiC composites. The results show that increasing laser power markedly altered melt-pool dynamics, particle dissolution, and interfacial heterogeneity, thereby regulating the process\u2013microstructure\u2013property relationship of the coatings. Owing to the synergistic effects of residual TiC reinforcement, fine-particle dispersion, and microstructural refinement, the P14 and P16 coatings exhibited the highest hardness, reaching ~320\u2013330 HV. However, the best wear resistance was achieved at moderate laser power, indicating that excessive hardening did not necessarily lead to optimal tribological performance because of increased local heterogeneity and particle detachment tendency. Electrochemical results further revealed that corrosion resistance was jointly controlled by passive-film stability and particle\/matrix interfacial activation. Among all samples, P12 showed the most favorable overall corrosion performance, reflecting an optimized balance between microstructural uniformity and interfacial stability. These findings demonstrate that appropriate laser power is critical for simultaneously optimizing strengthening and corrosion resistance in the LMD-fabricated 316L\/TiC composite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19184027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1790011397000},"page":"4027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formation of Dual-Scale TiC Reinforcements Under Different Energy Densities and Their Influence on the Properties of Laser Metal Deposited 316L Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3583-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangjiang Hardware Knife Cut Industrial Technology Research Institute, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Luoding Polytechnic, Luoding 527200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8871-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Tie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.01.008","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steel matrix composite via vanadium carbide reinforcement addition and selective laser melting: Formation mechanism and strengthening effect","volume":"745","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. 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