{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:39Z","timestamp":1792789779887,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP22787273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP22787273"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["AP22787273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP22787273"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tungsten plasma-facing components in fusion devices may experience sequential exposure to helium and hydrogen, making irradiation history an important factor in their subsequent structural and hydrogen-release behavior. This study investigated polycrystalline tungsten exposed to He-only, H2-only, and sequential He \u2192 H2 plasmas at 700, 900, 1100, and 1300 \u00b0C. Surface and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, instrumented indentation, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) were used to characterize the resulting changes. SEM observations showed that the largest differences among the H2-only, He-only, and sequential He \u2192 H2 exposure conditions occurred at 1100 \u00b0C, whereas predominantly grain-scale surface morphology was observed for all three conditions at 1300 \u00b0C. The bcc-W structure was retained under all investigated conditions, with no detectable secondary crystalline phases. The apparent coherent diffraction domain size, estimated from the W(110) reflection using the Scherrer equation, increased monotonically with irradiation temperature, from approximately 48\u201355 nm at 700 \u00b0C to approximately 126 nm at 1300 \u00b0C. At 1100 \u00b0C, the H2-only specimen exhibited a larger apparent coherent diffraction domain size than the He-containing specimens. The nanomechanical response also depended on temperature and exposure history. TDS revealed distinct high-temperature hydrogen-desorption behavior for the sequential He \u2192 H2 specimens, particularly at 1100 and 1300 \u00b0C. Overall, the results indicate that the tungsten response under the present sequential protocol depends on both temperature and exposure history, and that structural convergence at elevated temperature does not necessarily correspond to equivalent hydrogen-release behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"4038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temperature-Dependent Irradiation-History Effects in Tungsten Under Sequential Helium and Hydrogen Plasma Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zarina","family":"Satbayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPlasmaScience\u201d LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Technical Physics and Thermal Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shakarim University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bauyrzhan","family":"Rakhadilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPlasmaScience\u201d LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1953-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yerasyl","family":"Naimankumaruly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPlasmaScience\u201d LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Technical Physics and Thermal Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shakarim University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yernar","family":"Turabekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPlasmaScience\u201d LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"International School of Engineering, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2593-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yelaman","family":"Batanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPlasmaScience\u201d LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"International School of Engineering, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2014.02.048","article-title":"Fusion materials science and technology research opportunities now and during the ITER era","volume":"89","author":"Zinkle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2013.01.008","article-title":"A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status","volume":"438","author":"Pitts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2011.01.110","article-title":"Tungsten as material for plasma-facing components in fusion devices","volume":"415","author":"Philipps","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2019.03.035","article-title":"Behavior of tungsten under irradiation and plasma interaction","volume":"519","author":"Rieth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/50\/10\/103001","article-title":"Tritium inventory in ITER plasma-facing materials and tritium removal procedures","volume":"50","author":"Roth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s42864-020-00042-w","article-title":"A review of surface damage\/microstructures and their effects on hydrogen\/helium retention in tungsten","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tungsten"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2007\/T128\/019","article-title":"Microstructure dependence of deuterium retention and blistering in the near-surface region of tungsten exposed to high flux deuterium plasmas of 38 eV at 315 K","volume":"T128","author":"Shu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2011.11.003","article-title":"Temperature dependence of surface morphology and deuterium retention in polycrystalline ITER-grade tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux D plasma","volume":"420","author":"Alimov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.82.094102","article-title":"Hydrogen interaction with point defects in tungsten","volume":"82","author":"Heinola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051","DOI":"10.1585\/pfr.1.051","article-title":"Formation of nanostructured tungsten with arborescent shape due to helium plasma irradiation","volume":"1","author":"Takamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plasma Fusion Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035001","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/48\/3\/035001","article-title":"Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions","volume":"48","author":"Baldwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2011.06.026","article-title":"TEM observation of the growth process of helium nanobubbles on tungsten: Nanostructure formation mechanism","volume":"418","author":"Kajita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2012.10.023","article-title":"Helium effects on tungsten surface morphology and deuterium retention","volume":"442","author":"Ueda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013309","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3505754","article-title":"Deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas","volume":"109","author":"Ogorodnikova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2008.12.300","article-title":"Simultaneous irradiation effects of hydrogen and helium ions on tungsten","volume":"386\u2013388","author":"Ueda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.01.202","article-title":"Helium and hydrogen interaction in tungsten simultaneously irradiated by He+\u2013H2+ at high temperature","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2004.10.011","article-title":"Characteristic changes of deuterium retention on tungsten surfaces due to low-energy helium plasma pre-exposure","volume":"337\u2013339","author":"Nishijima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2022.154184","article-title":"Interaction between hydrogen and helium in tungsten successively exposed by helium and hydrogen plasma","volume":"574","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2025.155794","article-title":"Impact of helium ion implantation on deuterium plasma induced microstructure evolution and deuterium retention in tungsten","volume":"610","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4811825","article-title":"Effects of sequential tungsten and helium ion implantation on nano-indentation hardness of tungsten","volume":"102","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nme.2018.04.003","article-title":"Effects of helium on mechanical properties of tungsten for fusion applications","volume":"15","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Mater. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968615","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1968615","article-title":"Effect of helium plasma irradiation on microstructures and mechanical properties of tungsten","volume":"2024","author":"Kengesbekov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Wei, J., Ye, Z., and Gou, F. (2025). Evolution Mechanism and Mechanical Response of Tungsten Surface Damage Under Pulsed Heat Load and Helium Plasma Irradiation. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13061711"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036008","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ad1fab","article-title":"Impact of helium and hydrogen plasma exposure on surface damage and erosion of tungsten","volume":"64","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satbayeva, Z., Rakhadilov, B., Naimankumaruly, Y., Turabekov, Y., and Batanov, Y. (2026). Effect of Helium Concentration on the Structural and Mechanical Degradation of Tungsten in High-Temperature Plasma. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/app16126256"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakhadilov, B., Satbayeva, Z., Kusainov, A., Naimankumaruly, E., Abylkalykova, R., and Sulyubayeva, L. (2023). Linear Plasma Device for the Study of Plasma\u2013Surface Interactions. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111673"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2015). Metallic Materials\u2014Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters\u2014Part 1: Test Method (Standard No. DIN EN ISO 14577-1)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4038\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:44:56Z","timestamp":1790073896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19194038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19194038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}