{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:03:11Z","timestamp":1790226191947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Research and Development Program","award":["241111322000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111322000"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province Key Research and Development Program","award":["251111231500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251111231500"]}]},{"name":"Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province","award":["26HASTIT068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26HASTIT068"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","award":["262300420023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262300420023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geopolymer concrete (GPC), here defined primarily as concrete based on low-calcium alkali-activated aluminosilicate binders, exhibits durability responses that depend strongly on precursor chemistry, gel assemblage, pore structure and exposure conditions; high-calcium or slag-rich systems are therefore discussed separately as related alkali-activated material (AAM) systems. This critical review synthesizes representative peer-reviewed evidence on freeze\u2013thaw cycling, drying and autogenous shrinkage, elevated-temperature\/fire exposure, chloride, sulfate and acid attack, carbonation, reinforcement corrosion and coupled multi-hazard deterioration. The evidence indicates that freeze\u2013thaw damage is governed by pore-water phase change, cracking and transport-pathway formation, while chemical attack involves ion ingress, dealkalization, dealumination\/decalcification and elemental leaching. Direct coupled evidence is strongest for freeze\u2013thaw combined with chloride\/salt or sulfate exposure; shrinkage\u2013transport interactions are mainly correlation-supported, whereas carbonation\u2013chloride\u2013freeze\u2013thaw-related corrosion remains largely a mechanism-based inference. Future work should prioritize standardized sequential multi-hazard protocols, chemistry-specific parameter databases and field-calibrated transport\/corrosion models to support reliable service-life prediction and engineering design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1790083932000},"page":"4050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Durability Degradation Mechanisms and Coupled Deterioration Behaviors of Geopolymer Concrete Under Multi-Hazard Service Environments: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jiale","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Construction and Civil Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8010-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Construction and Civil Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Hai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Construction and Civil Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cun","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Construction and Civil Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117455","article-title":"Geopolymers as an alternative to Portland cement: An overview","volume":"237","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. 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