{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:04:14Z","timestamp":1790154254405,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three structurally related barbiturate-derived dispersants were synthesized and evaluated to investigate how molecular architecture relates to the aqueous dispersion behavior of Pigment Yellow 150. BA-A and BA-B contain arylazo\/hydrazone-type frameworks bearing nominal sulfonate and carboxylate termini, respectively, whereas BA-C contains an arylidene framework bearing a nominal carboxylate terminus. Their acid-form precursors were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. BA-A and BA-B produced Pigment Yellow 150 dispersions with z-average hydrodynamic diameters of 67.04 and 69.30 nm, polydispersity indices of 0.12 and 0.15, zeta potentials near \u221240 mV, and low apparent viscosities. In contrast, BA-C produced a coarse dispersion with a z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 1858 nm, while BYK-190 gave 124.70 nm at the tested nominal dosage. The BA-A and BA-B solutions exhibited calculated Washburn penetrativities approximately 2.5 times that of water, and their pigment dispersions showed dominant proton transverse-relaxation peaks at shorter times than the BA-C dispersion. Overall, BA-A and BA-B exhibited more favorable powder wetting and colloidal stabilization than BA-C, supporting a formulation-specific relationship between molecular architecture and dispersion performance within the investigated series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:14:39Z","timestamp":1790151279000},"page":"4059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barbiturate Derivatives for Stable Aqueous Nanoscale Pigment Yellow 150 Dispersions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2337-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Low-Carbon Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Low-Carbon Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7599-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changsen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Sunmun Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215337, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Sunmun Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215337, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Low-Carbon Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Low-Carbon Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130689","article-title":"A study for self-dispersing pigment-based inks printing on various fabrics","volume":"658","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-07-2021-0079","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of pigmented inkjet inks containing aminopropyl\/vinyl\/silsesquioxane for jet printing onto polyester fabrics","volume":"51","author":"Hakeim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pigment. Resin Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108737","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of metal phthalocyanine bearing carboxylic acid anchoring groups for nanoparticle dispersion and their application to color filters","volume":"184","author":"Namgoong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2024.108253","article-title":"Nano phthalocyanine blue pigment dispersion with high absorption coefficient and high transparency for high chroma industrial coatings","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22359","article-title":"Characteristics of pigments, modification, and their functionalities","volume":"44","author":"Sarkodie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13100","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b02192","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Hierarchical Aggregation in Pigment Dispersions","volume":"35","author":"Rishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-4408.2009.00180.x","article-title":"Analysis of the wetting behaviour of pigments and the effectiveness of surfactants","volume":"125","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Color. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.04.042","article-title":"Wetting and rheological characteristics of hydrophobic organic pigments in water in the presence of non-ionic surfactants","volume":"455","author":"Sis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2017.1406367","article-title":"A Review on the Mechanism of Pigment Dispersion","volume":"39","author":"Agbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dispers. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2009.03.069","article-title":"Synthesis of acrylic copolymers consisting of multiple amine pendants for dispersing pigment","volume":"334","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55066","DOI":"10.1002\/app.55066","article-title":"Structured polymer dispersant for efficient phthalocyanine blue dispersion and color paste preparation","volume":"141","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2024.112614","article-title":"Influence of anchoring group of dispersants on the dispersion performance of Pigment Red 122","volume":"235","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Li, L., Sun, C., Fixler, D., Xiao, S., and Zhou, S. (2025). Anion-\u03c0 Type Polymeric Nanoparticle Dispersants for Enhancing the Dispersion Stability of Organic Pigments in Water. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30050975"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2017.1338468","article-title":"Synthesis of new yellow synergists for inkjet applications","volume":"651","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2018.1466523","article-title":"Synthesis of new yellow synergists based on pigment yellow 150 for inkjet applications","volume":"662","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"BYK-Chemie GmbH (2026, September 14). DISPERBYK-190: Technical Data Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.byk.com\/en\/products\/additive-guide\/disperbyk-190."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.17.273","article-title":"The Dynamics of Capillary Flow","volume":"17","author":"Washburn","year":"1921","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.4218","article-title":"Relaxation NMR as a tool to study the dispersion and formulation behavior of nanostructured carbon materials","volume":"54","author":"Fairhurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:24:02Z","timestamp":1790151842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19194059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19194059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}