{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:08:59Z","timestamp":1790158139828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhongke Technology Achievement Transfer and Transformation Center of Henan Province","award":["2024155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024155"]}]},{"name":"Key Specialized Research and Development Projects in Henan Province","award":["251111232200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251111232200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impact resistance is vital for marine and protective structural composites. Conventional glass fiber\/epoxy thermosets feature high specific strength but suffer poor recyclability. Herein, recyclable triaxial glass fiber-reinforced PMMA (Triax-GF\/PMMA) laminates were manufactured, and quasi-static tensile, compressive and shear tests were conducted to obtain the fundamental mechanical constitutive parameters for the subsequent impact performance analysis. Low-velocity drop-weight impact (15\u2013120 J) and compression-after-impact (CAI) experiments were carried out. Under a 50 J impact condition, the residual compressive strength of Triax-GF\/PMMA reached 131.5 MPa, which was approximately 9.8% higher than that of the epoxy counterpart (119.8 MPa). Meanwhile, the peak impact load of Triax-GF\/PMMA increased to 11.84 kN, compared with 9.98 kN for the epoxy system, indicating enhanced impact load-bearing capability. An ABAQUS\/Explicit finite element model with Hashin failure criteria was validated by experimental results, with the relative errors of predicted peak loads maintained below 8%. Simulations at 30 J (non-penetration) and 120 J (penetration) showed milder deformation and slighter damage in Triax-GF\/PMMA. A predictive model linking laminate thickness and perforation energy was further proposed. This work provides experimental and numerical support for the development of lightweight, recyclable, impact-resistant composites for potential marine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:20:46Z","timestamp":1790155246000},"page":"4065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-Velocity Impact Performance of Triax Glass Fabric Reinforced Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7543-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guangtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5760-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Winner Vibrating Equipment Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40722-021-00187-x","article-title":"Assessing the long term potential of fiber reinforced polymer composites for sustainable marine construction","volume":"7","author":"Kappenthuler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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