{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:01:13Z","timestamp":1790240473722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBK.B030.24.029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.B030.24.029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SUBK.B030.24.029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.B030.24.029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qpw1b93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanofluorapatite (nFAp) was incorporated into GC Fuji Ortho LC resin-modified glass ionomer cement at 2 wt.% and 5 wt.% to assess its influence on microstructure, local mechanical properties, and orthodontic bond strength. The unmodified and nFAp-modified formulations were characterized by micro-computed tomography, backscattered-electron scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (BSE-SEM\/EDS), instrumented Vickers indentation, shear bond strength (SBS) testing, Weibull analysis, and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scoring after debonding of orthodontic molar tubes bonded to human molars. Micro-CT showed higher porosity and resolved pore number density after nFAp incorporation, while pore dimensions changed only modestly. BSE-SEM\/EDS showed microscale compositional heterogeneity and a markedly higher Ca signal in the modified materials. Indentation hardness and modulus did not differ significantly among groups. Mean SBS increased from 12.47 \u00b1 2.41 MPa in the reference group to 17.31 \u00b1 2.34 MPa and 16.66 \u00b1 2.60 MPa for 2 wt.% and 5 wt.% nFAp, respectively; both modified groups differed significantly from the reference group but not from each other. ARI distributions were similar among groups. Overall, nFAp incorporation improved resistance to debonding without a corresponding change in local indentation properties, with 2 wt.% nFAp showing the most favorable descriptive overall mechanical profile among the tested formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:03:26Z","timestamp":1790172206000},"page":"4076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microstructural, Mechanical, and Adhesive Characterization of Nanofluorapatite-Modified Orthodontic Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: A Preliminary In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-3660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nikodem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, \u0141ukasiewicza 7\/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"We\u017cgowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8458-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142 J.","family":"Wiglusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Mikulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonocito, S., and Polizzi, A. (2022). Oral Microbiota Changes during Orthodontic Treatment. Front. Biosci., 14.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbe1403019"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0158-5","article-title":"Factors Affecting Dental Biofilm in Patients Wearing Fixed Orthodontic Appliances","volume":"18","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_216_17","article-title":"Prevention and Treatment of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontic Patients","volume":"8","author":"Khoroushi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, P.C., Carvalho, T., Gomes, A.T.P.C., Veiga, N., Blanco, L., Correia, M.J., and Mello-Moura, A.C.V. (2024). White Spot Lesions: Diagnosis and Treatment\u2014A Systematic Review. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03720-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12888","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence and Risk Factors of White Spot Lesions Associated with Orthodontic Treatment\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"369","article-title":"Shear Bond Strength of Molar Tubes to Enamel Using an Orthodontic Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Modified with Amorphous Calcium Phosphate","volume":"16","author":"Tanbakuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjad029","article-title":"Evaluation of Failure Rate of Molar Tubes with a Modified Bonding Technique: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"45","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1468","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.62037","article-title":"Digital Analysis of the Relationship between Maximum Bite Force and 3-Dimensional Arrangement of Mandibular First Molars","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakavi\u010d\u0117, R., Kubili\u016bt\u0117, K., and Smailien\u0117, D. (2023). Bracket Bond Failures: Incidence and Association with Different Risk Factors-A Retrospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054452"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9725101","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9725101","article-title":"A Clinical Comparison of Failure Rates of Metallic and Ceramic Brackets: A Twelve-Month Study","volume":"2020","author":"Kawala","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2019.03.002","article-title":"Predicting the Bracket Bond Failure Rate in Orthodontic Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"Sukhia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12888","article-title":"Therapeutic Properties of Glass-Ionomer Cements: Their Application to Orthodontic Treatment","volume":"67","author":"Fricker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12413","article-title":"Modification of Glass Ionomer Cements on Their Physical-Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties","volume":"30","author":"Ching","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent. Off. Publ. Am. Acad. Esthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2020.19052","article-title":"Effect of Fluoride Releasing Bonding Materials on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets","volume":"33","author":"Yetkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2015-437","article-title":"Effects of Incorporation of Nano-Fluorapatite Particles on Microhardness, Fluoride Releasing Properties, and Biocompatibility of a Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)","volume":"35","author":"Moshaverinia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.10.029","article-title":"Effects of Incorporation of Nano-Fluorapatite or Nano-Fluorohydroxyapatite on a Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"159","article-title":"Comparison of the Fluoride Ion Release from Nanofluoroapatite-Modified Orthodontic Cement under Different pH Conditions\u2014An in Vitro Study","volume":"25","author":"Nikodem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.07.010","article-title":"A Nano-CaF2-Containing Orthodontic Cement with Antibacterial and Remineralization Capabilities to Combat Enamel White Spot Lesions","volume":"89","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.103214","article-title":"Novel Rechargeable Nano-CaF2 Orthodontic Cement with High Levels of Long-Term Fluoride Release","volume":"90","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiryk, J., Matys, J., Nikodem, A., Burzy\u0144ska, K., Grzech-Le\u015bniak, K., Dominiak, M., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2021). The Effect of Er:YAG Laser on a Shear Bond Strength Value of Orthodontic Brackets to Enamel-A Preliminary Study. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092093"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florczak-Matyjek, A., Nikodem, A., Kensy, J., Matys, J., and Grzech-Le\u015bniak, K. (2025). The Efficacy of Erbium-Ion, Diode, and CO2 Lasers in Debonding Attachments Used During Overlay Orthodontic Treatment and the Risk of Hard Tooth Tissue Damage Compared to Traditional Methods\u2014An In Vitro Study. Photonics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12060621"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2017). Dentistry\u2014Test Methods for Shear Bond Strength of Adhesives for Orthodontic Attachments (Standard No. DIN 13990:2017-04)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90190-8","article-title":"Clinical Trials with Crystal Growth Conditioning as an Alternative to Acid-Etch Enamel Pretreatment","volume":"85","author":"Artun","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"6","article-title":"Light-Curing of Orthodontic Bracket Adhesive by Transillumination through Dentine and Enamel","volume":"6","author":"Lassila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853035","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4853035","article-title":"Evaluation of Different Adhesive Resin Removal Methods after Debonding Ceramic Orthodontic Molar Tubes: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study","volume":"2022","author":"Atmaca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson, J.W., Sidhu, S.K., and Czarnecka, B. (2020). Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements: A Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112510"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fierascu, R.C. (2022). Incorporation of Nanomaterials in Glass Ionomer Cements\u2014Recent Developments and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12213827"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murugan, R., Yazid, F., Nasruddin, N.S., and Anuar, N.N.M. (2022). Effects of Nanohydroxyapatite Incorporation into Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12010009"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"236","article-title":"Glass Ionomer Cement with Calcium-Releasing Particles: Effect on Dentin Mineral Content and Mechanical Properties","volume":"40","author":"Vilela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. Off. Publ. Acad. Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Developing a Novel Glass Ionomer Cement with Enhanced Mechanical and Chemical Properties","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. Off. Publ. Acad. Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leenutaphong, N., Phantumvanit, P., Young, A.M., and Panpisut, P. (2024). Evaluation of Setting Kinetics, Mechanical Strength, Ion Release, and Cytotoxicity of High-Strength Glass Ionomer Cement Contained Elastomeric Micelles. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04468-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8231473","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8231473","article-title":"Evaluation of the Surface Hardness and Roughness of a Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"2021","author":"Saadat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e71961","article-title":"Assessment of the Microhardness of Three Different Glass Ionomer Cements After Microhydroxyapatite Incorporation: An In Vitro Study","volume":"16","author":"Maity","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.41084","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Some Mechanical Properties and Fluoride Release of Glass-Ionomer Cement Modified with Seashell Nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Albasso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saad Bin Qasim, S., and Bmuajdad, A. (2024). The Effect of Mesoporous Silica Doped with Silver Nanoparticles on Glass Ionomer Cements; Physiochemical, Mechanical and Ion Release Analysis. BMC Oral Health, 24, Correction in BMC Oral Health\u00a02024, 44, 247\u2013252.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05056-1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobrzy\u0144ski, W., Klimas, S., Majchrzak, Z., Kensy, J., Gajewska, M., Nikodem, A., Ma\u0142yszek, A., Dobrzy\u0144ski, M., Matys, J., and Mikulewicz, M. (2026). Effects of Additive Incorporation on Fluoride Release of Orthodontic Glass Ionomer Cements and Adhesives: A Systematic Review. Materials, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19163393"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.12.129","article-title":"Effect of Synthetic Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements","volume":"98","author":"Karimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimas, S., Nikodem, A., Dudek, K.D., Ma\u0142yszek, A., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2026). Thermal, Mechanical, Chemical, Elemental, Optical and Surface Characterization of Different Twinky Star\u00ae Colored Compomers. Materials, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173663"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2023.100761","article-title":"Effect of Incorporating Silica-Hydroxyapatite-Silver Hybrid Nanoparticles into the Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer on the Adhesive Remnant Index Score and Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Metal Brackets: An in Vitro Study","volume":"21","author":"Biglar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-023-00181-5","article-title":"Shear Bond Strength of a RMGIC for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding to Enamel","volume":"10","author":"Boudrot","year":"2024","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s44445-025-00002-5","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Shear Bond Strength and Debonding Characteristics of Bioactive versus Conventional Orthodontic Adhesives: An In-Vitro Study","volume":"37","author":"Bukhari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_98_24","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of Shear Bond Strength and Adhesive Remnant Scores of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Copper-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles with Conventional Orthodontic Adhesive: An in Vitro Study","volume":"14","author":"Ramsundar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e78","article-title":"Shear Bond Strength of Three Different Metal Bracket Base Designs on Human Premolars: An in Vitro Comparative Study","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_62_24","article-title":"Comparison of the Adhesive Remnant Index and Shear Bond Strength of Different Metal Bracket Bases on Artificially Aged Human Teeth: An In Vitro Study","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2022.100680","article-title":"Reliability of Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Adhesive Remnants after Debonding of Ceramic Brackets Bonded with TransbondTMXT on Human Molar Teeth: An in Vitro Study","volume":"20","author":"Sayahpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2319\/080108-398.1","article-title":"Reliability of the Adhesive Remnant Index Score System with Different Magnifications","volume":"79","author":"Montasser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq112","article-title":"A Comparison of Finite Element Analysis with in Vitro Bond Strength Tests of the Bracket-Cement-Enamel System","volume":"33","author":"Algera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_142_23","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficiency, Shear Bond Strength, and Adhesive Remnant Index of TiO2 Infiltrated Orthodontic Adhesive\u2014An In Vitro Study","volume":"14","author":"Harsha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2220352","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.27.6.e2220352.oar","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Three Methods of Adhesive Remnant Removal after Orthodontic Bracket Debonding","volume":"27","author":"Yassaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/162970","article-title":"Comparison of Bond Failure with Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Visible Light-Cured Composite Bonding Systems in Orthodontic Patients: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"61","author":"Qabool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4076\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:13:59Z","timestamp":1790237639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19194076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19194076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}