{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:06:37Z","timestamp":1790247997864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assessed whether surface engineering can improve the durability of metal components in hip joint endoprostheses by reducing friction, abrasive wear, and corrosion at the head\u2013socket interface. Single-layer TiN coatings and multilayer TiN + (Ti,N)3P + Ti3P + (Ti,Ni) coatings were deposited on Ti6Al4V alloy using plasma- and PVD-based processes and tested in combination with Chirulen 1020 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Tribological performance, surface condition, microstructure, and chemical composition were evaluated before and after wear testing. The results showed that coating type and deposition method influenced the behavior of the friction pair. The most promising systems were Ti6Al4V coated with titanium nitride by sputtering or plasma spraying and Ti6Al4V with the multilayer coating, both paired with Chirulen 1020. The multilayer-coated Ti6Al4V head combined with a Chirulen 1020 cup provided the most favorable friction-pair performance, indicating its potential to reduce wear-product formation and extend implant service life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1790244988000},"page":"4086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tribological and Comparative Studies of Ti3P + Ti2Ni Duplex Layers with TiN Nitride Layers on a Metal Substrate Deposited by PVD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9651-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Soboci\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5536-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Nabrdalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pietrusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamari, J., Ammarullah, M.I., Santoso, G., Sugiharto, S., Supriyono, T., Prakoso, A.T., Basri, H., and van der Heide, E. (2022). Computational Contact Pressure Prediction of CoCrMo, SS 316L and Ti6Al4V Femoral Head against UHMWPE Acetabular Cup under Gait Cycle. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13020064"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Zivic, F., Mitrovic, S., Todorovic, P., Adamovic, D., Grujovic, N., Spasic, M., and Stojadinovic, I. (2022). Microstructure influence on friction behavior of the Ti6Al4V biomedical alloy at low loads. Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng., online first."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.07.001","article-title":"Retrieval Analysis of Titanium Nitride Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants","volume":"39","author":"Basgul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Ren, S., Li, T., Chen, P., Hu, L., Wu, W., Li, S., Liu, H., Li, R., and Zhang, Y. (2024). A Comparison Study on the Microstructure, Mechanical Features, and Tribological Characteristics of TiN Coatings on Ti6Al4V Using Different Deposition Techniques. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14020156"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xie, L., and Djavanroodi, F. (2023). Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals, MDPI.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-9611-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70000","DOI":"10.1049\/bsb2.70000","article-title":"Friction and Wear Characteristics of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating on Ti6Al4V Alloy\u2014A Review","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosurface Biotribology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbuAlia, M., Fullam, S., Cinotti, F., Manninen, N., and Wimmer, M.A. (2024). Titanium Nitride Coatings on CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V Alloys: Effects on Wear and Ion Release. Lubricants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants12030096"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11302","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB01563K","article-title":"Surface engineering of orthopedic implants for better clinical adoption","volume":"12","author":"Tripathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhou, Z., and He, Y. (2024). Tribocorrosion and surface protection technology of titanium alloys: A Review. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17010065"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.07.002","article-title":"Tribological behavior of UHMWPE against TiAl6V4 and CoCr28Mo alloys under dry and lubricated conditions","volume":"63","author":"Guezmil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials (2026, July 06). Chirulen 1020 Product Data Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.mcam.com\/mam\/41699\/MCAM-MEDI-403-A1-Chirulen-1020-EN-PDS-200506.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, R., Bayuseno, A.P., Fitriyana, D.F., Taqriban, R.B., Muhamadin, R.C., Hakim, R.A.N.A., and Siregar, J.P. (2022). Mechanical properties characterization of Ti6Al4V for artificial hip joint materials prepared by investment casting. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/969\/1\/012001"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2016.06.001","article-title":"Surface texture metrology for metal additive manufacturing: A review","volume":"46","author":"Townsend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammed, M., Javidani, M., Sadrabadi, T.E., Heidari, M., Levasseur, T., and Jahazi, M. (2024). A comprehensive review of cathodic arc evaporation physical vapour deposition (CAE-PVD) coatings for enhanced tribological performance. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14030246"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023). Metallic Materials\u2014Vickers Hardness Test\u2014Part 1: Test Method (Standard No. ISO 6507-1)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2020.106560","article-title":"Tribocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy after thermo-chemical treatment and DLC deposition for biomedical applications","volume":"153","author":"Grabarczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, J.I., Newbury, D.E., Michael, J.R., Ritchie, N.W., Scott, J.H.J., and Joy, D.C. (2018). Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6676-9"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2023). Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Alloy Castings and Casting Alloy for Surgical Implants (UNS R30075) (Standard No. ASTM F75-23)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartels, B., Novotny, T., Mohr, A., van Soest, F., Hentschel, O., Merklein, C., and Schmidt, M. (2022). PBF-LB\/M of Low-Alloyed Steels: Bainite-like Microstructures despite High Cooling Rates. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15176171"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2022). Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test (Standard No. ASTM G77-17(2022))."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"113","article-title":"Analysis of Tribological Wear in Block-on-Ring Contact on Tribological Tester T-05","volume":"105","author":"Kubik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. J. Silesian Univ. Technol. Ser. Transp."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"127","article-title":"Retrieval analysis of titanium nitride (TiN) coated prosthetic femoral heads articulating with polyethylene","volume":"55","author":"Wendland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of ceramicized ball heads in total hip replacement bearings: A literature review","volume":"15","author":"Piconi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2014). Implants for Surgery\u2014Wear of Total Hip-Joint Prostheses\u2014Part 1: Loading and Displacement Parameters for Orbital Bearing Type Wear-Testing Machines and Corresponding Environmental Conditions for Test (Standard No. ISO 14242-1:2014). Available online: https:\/\/cdn.standards.iteh.ai\/samples\/63073\/473bfb3dfda4467db6a69a8ded9195f9\/ISO-14242-1-2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2021). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Profile\u2014Part 2: Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters (Standard No. ISO 25178-2:2021). Available online: https:\/\/cdn.standards.iteh.ai\/samples\/74591\/ce47c8b0f69c4ce1ba65b323feae60f5\/ISO-25178-2-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(1997). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Profile Method\u2014Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters (Standard No. ISO 4287:1997). Available online: https:\/\/cdn.standards.iteh.ai\/samples\/10132\/ae4786c47a6045528cfaef0b28d989b7\/ISO-4287-1997.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2022.106439","article-title":"Spatially resolved EDS, XRF and LIBS measurements of the chemical composition of duplex stainless steel welds: A comparison of methods","volume":"193","author":"Quackatz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2009.04.008","article-title":"Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for analysis of conventional and micro-samples: Preliminary assessment","volume":"64","author":"Sitko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.01.092","article-title":"Sintered Ti\u2013Ti3P\u2013CaO electrodes and their application for pulsed electrospark treatment of titanium","volume":"42","author":"Longinov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Deng, Z., and Liu, D. (2021). Preparation and Properties of Multilayer Ca\/P Bio-Ceramic Coating by Laser Cladding. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11080891"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:22:12Z","timestamp":1790245332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19194086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19194086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}