{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:00:00Z","timestamp":1790398800850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52261044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52261044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["52261044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52261044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Research and Development Program Project","award":["AB25069344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB25069344"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged and Young Teachers\u2019 Basic Ability Promotion Project","award":["2024KY1119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY1119"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Technological College of Machinery and Electricity","award":["2024KJRHK003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KJRHK003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043jwpk58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024KJRHK003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KJRHK003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043jwpk58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quasi-static axial crushing tests were carried out on CFRP tubes with various end triggers (chamfer, tulip, crown, notch), aiming to reveal the joint regulation mechanism of geometric configuration and equivalent end-weakening on the crushing behavior of the tubes. Load\u2013displacement responses, crashworthiness indicators and post-crushing failure morphologies were analyzed. Results indicate that the chamfer trigger can effectively reduce the initial peak load at the expense of mean crushing force and total energy absorption. Moderate tulip and crown triggers form cantilever petals and exhibit desirable two-stage crushing responses. However, excessive cutting intensifies the end-weakening effect, leading to simultaneous petal bending and matrix crushing and yielding a distinct unimodal response. Under the present test conditions, the notch trigger exhibits an inherent unimodal crushing characteristic. It delivers a high total energy absorption of up to 2186.2 J but suffers from a higher peak crushing load and lower crushing force efficiency, which reveals a clear performance trade-off. These observations demonstrate that geometric configuration and equivalent end-weakening exert a bidirectional coupled regulatory effect on crushing behavior. Furthermore, numerical simulation results show that the finite-element model can well predict the crushing load\u2013displacement responses of tubes with different end modifications, while it fails to reproduce the typical petalling opening morphology of triggered specimens, which clarifies the application boundary of the simulation model. The results of this study can provide experimental references for the optimization design of end-triggered CFRP energy-absorbing tubes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1790244988000},"page":"4087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Equivalent End-Weakening Governing Crushing Modes and Crashworthiness of CFRP Tubes with Different End Triggers Under Quasi-Static Axial Compression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Welding Technology, Guangxi Technological College of Machinery and Electricity, Nanning 530007, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mengyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Welding Technology, Guangxi Technological College of Machinery and Electricity, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shixian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Welding Technology, Guangxi Technological College of Machinery and Electricity, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yazhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Fourth Academy, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.110311","article-title":"Effects of loading rate and temperature on crushing behaviors of 3D printed multi-cell composite tubes","volume":"182","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.110306","article-title":"Effect of trigger mechanisms on the quasi-static axial crushing behavior of glass epoxy\/polyvinyl chloride hybrid composite tubes","volume":"182","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2021.108440","article-title":"Compression responses of composite corrugated sandwich square tube: Experimental and numerical investigation","volume":"169","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2020.107381","article-title":"Investigations of defect effect on dynamic compressive failure of 3D circular braided composite tubes with numerical simulation method","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2018.03.023","article-title":"Energy absorption analysis of a novel foam-filled corrugated composite tube under axial and oblique loadings","volume":"129","author":"Mahbod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2015.06.019","article-title":"Behaviour of perforated GFRP tubes under axial compression","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-024-10270-9","article-title":"Low-Velocity Impact Performance of 3-D Woven Composite Tubes with Different Structure","volume":"32","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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