{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:39Z","timestamp":1792789599257,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","award":["17990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17990"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r531a15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["17990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17990"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r531a15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03 34\/2026-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03 34\/2026-03\/200146"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200146"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200162"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["451-03 34\/2026-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03 34\/2026-03\/200146"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200146"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200162"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrothermal deposition of cobalt on mixed-phase titanium suboxides, Ti5O9 and Ti8O15 (TSO), was performed under mild conditions. High-temperature treatment under a reducing atmosphere led to a phase reversal, contrary to the expected Co-doping into the TSO. Surface cobalt species led to \u201cunshearing\u201d of crystallite planes, reverting to Co-decorated rutile. SEM-EDX measurements confirmed homogeneous dispersion of cobalt on the surface amounting to 4.15 wt.%. Raman and FTIR measurements confirmed the presence of Co at the surface, albeit in oxidized form, converting the Co to Co3O4 under atmospheric conditions. Modification of TSO by Co significantly improved OER and, to a certain degree, ORR. The charge transfer resistance for OER diminished from 17.5 k\u2126 to 47.4 \u2126, indicating excellent activity towards oxygen evolution, with the onset potential for OER shifting to 1.68 V vs. RHE. RRDE measurement revealed that upon Co-surface deposition, the mechanism of ORR changes only slightly towards the 4e\u2212 branch and is still dominated by the 2e\u2212 pathway, characteristic of TSO, due to low cobalt content, with an onset potential for ORR of 0.72 V vs. RHE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:09:02Z","timestamp":1790323742000},"page":"4099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cobalt-Induced Magn\u00e9li Phase Transformation Towards Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8910-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijana","family":"Milivojevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecotoxicological Research, Bulevar \u0160arla de Gola 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Rankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadranka","family":"Miliki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6589-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stevan","family":"Stojadinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1967-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Nedi\u0107 Vasiljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danica","family":"Bajuk-Bogdanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Milojevi\u0107-Raki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2886-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemanja","family":"Gavrilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12\u201316, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaad4998","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4998","article-title":"Combining Theory and Experiment in Electrocatalysis: Insights into Materials Design","volume":"355","author":"Seh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14010","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp40841d","article-title":"Identifying Active Surface Phases for Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts: A Study of Manganese Oxide Bi-Functional Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Water Oxidation Catalysis","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14120","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00398","article-title":"Earth-Abundant Heterogeneous Water Oxidation Catalysts","volume":"116","author":"Hunter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16977","DOI":"10.1021\/ja407115p","article-title":"Benchmarking Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"135","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radinovi\u0107, K., Mijajlovi\u0107, A., Mladenovi\u0107, D., Tomi\u0107, D., Nastasi\u0107, A., Stankovi\u0107, D., and Miliki\u0107, J. (2026). Non-Precious Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Evolution: Transition Metal Compounds, Carbon Supports, and Metal-Free Systems. Processes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr14071085"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Campos-Rold\u00e1n, C.A., Zhao, Y., Zhang, S., Feng, Y., and Alonso-Vante, N. (2018). Recent Advances of Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electrode Reactions and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Catalysts, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal8110559"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11901","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c04867","article-title":"Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by Cobalt Oxyhydroxide: Cobalt Superoxide Species as a Key Intermediate and Dioxygen Release as a Rate-Determining Step","volume":"142","author":"Moysiadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-018-0141-2","article-title":"Unified Structural Motifs of the Catalytically Active State of Co(Oxyhydr)Oxides during the Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"1","author":"Bergmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2021.04.003","article-title":"Strategies to Improve Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting","volume":"398","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-S., Alam, M.N., Yewale, M., and Shin, D.K. (2024). Unraveling the Electrochemical Insights of Cobalt Oxide\/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Materials for Supercapacitor, Battery, and Supercapattery Applications. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16202907"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-68064-x","article-title":"Sustainable Water Oxidation Enabled by a Complex-Doped Cobalt Oxide Electrode","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Wang, H., and Wang, Y. (2023). A Review: Synthesis and Applications of Titanium Sub-Oxides. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216874"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.09.048","article-title":"Engineering Titanium Oxide-Based Support for Electrocatalysis","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2013.04.040","article-title":"Hierarchical Nitrogen and Cobalt Co-Doped TiO2 Prepared by an Interface-Controlled Self-Aggregation Process","volume":"575","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2005.087","article-title":"Effect of Cobalt Doping on the Phase Transformation of TiO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Barakat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c00142","article-title":"Synthesis and the Visible Light Activity of Anodic CoOx-TiO2 Nanocomposites","volume":"128","author":"Syrek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.01.200","article-title":"Tuning Composition and Activity of Cobalt Titanium Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"193","author":"Seitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.163159","article-title":"Cobalt-Doped Rutile\/Anatase TiO2 Photoanode with Oriented Energy Band Offset for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting","volume":"700","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2026.141478","article-title":"Synergistic Role of Cobalt Doping and Oxygen Vacancies in TiO2 Catalysts for Efficient Hydrogen Generation from NaBH4 Hydrolysis","volume":"750","author":"Leite","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b04340","article-title":"Cobalt-Doped Black TiO2 Nanotube Array as a Stable Anode for Oxygen Evolution and Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5185\/amlett.2019.2139","article-title":"Modification of Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide with Cobalt Oxide Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"10","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amer, M.S., Ghanem, M.A., Arunachalam, P., Al-Mayouf, A.M., and Hadadi, S.M. (2019). Bifunctional Electrocatalyst of Low-Symmetry Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Modified with Cobalt Oxide for Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Reactions. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9100836"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshnikov, V.A., Muratova, E.N., Vrublevsky, I.A., Maximov, A.I., Ryabko, A.A., Gagarina, A.Y., and Kozodaev, D.A. (2026). Electrical Properties and Charge Transfer Mechanisms in Nanoscale Anodic TiO2 Films at Low Applied Voltages. Inorganics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics14010029"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003469427858","article-title":"Electrodes Based on Magn\u00e9li Phase Titanium Oxides: The Properties and Applications of Ebonex\u00ae Materials","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(89)87047-0","article-title":"Electron Transfer Reactions at Ebonex Ceramic Electrodes","volume":"274","author":"Noftle","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.05.011","article-title":"The Continuing Development of Magn\u00e9li Phase Titanium Sub-Oxides and Ebonex\u00ae Electrodes","volume":"55","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2008.09.009","article-title":"Preparation of Carbon-Coated Magneli Phases TinO2n\u22121 and Their Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light","volume":"88","author":"Toyoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC04477K","article-title":"Recent Advances in Synthesis and Application of Magn\u00e9li Phase Titanium Oxides for Energy Storage and Environmental Remediation","volume":"16","author":"Ekanayake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.01.018","article-title":"Impact of Intrinsic Point Defect Concentration on Thermal Transport in Titanium Dioxide","volume":"127","author":"Donovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5c07269","article-title":"Tailoring Magn\u00e9li Phase Titanium Suboxides for Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium","volume":"16","author":"Nadeali","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135878","article-title":"Magn\u00e9li Phase Titanium Sub-Oxides Synthesis, Fabrication and Its Application for Environmental Remediation: Current Status and Prospect","volume":"307","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.05.041","article-title":"Magneli Phase Ti4O7 Electrode for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Its Implication for Zinc-Air Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b03741","article-title":"Magn\u00e9li-Phase Ti4O7 Nanosphere Electrocatalyst Support for Carbon-Free Oxygen Electrodes in Lithium\u2013Oxygen Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.110152","article-title":"Advanced Strategies in Electrode Engineering and Nanomaterial Modifications for Supercapacitor Performance Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"79","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawale, S.M., Dlamini, M.M., and Weng, F.-B. (2022). Analyses of the Effects of Electrolyte and Electrode Thickness on High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (H-TPEMFC) Quality. Membranes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13010012"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankovi\u0107, M., Rako\u010devi\u0107, L., Jevremovi\u0107, A., Nedi\u0107 Vasiljevi\u0107, B., Jano\u0161evi\u0107 Le\u017eai\u0107, A., Bajuk-Bogdanovi\u0107, D., Milojevi\u0107-Raki\u0107, M., and Gavrilov, N. (2026). HER and OER Activity of Ti4O7@Ti Mesh\u2014Fundamentals Behind Environmental Application. Processes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr14030518"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.143269","article-title":"Exploration of PFAS Degradation over Lower Titanium Suboxides: Ti6O11 Case","volume":"515","author":"Gavrilov","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR07502K","article-title":"Au(111)@Ti6O11 Heterostructure Composites with Enhanced Synergistic Effects as Efficient Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vojnovi\u0107, V., Rankovi\u0107, M., Jevremovi\u0107, A., Mijailovi\u0107, N.R., Nedi\u0107 Vasiljevi\u0107, B., Milojevi\u0107-Raki\u0107, M., Bajuk-Bogdanovi\u0107, D., and Gavrilov, N. (2025). Doping of Magn\u00e9li Phase\u2014New Direction in Pollutant Degradation and Electrochemistry. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214282"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-08887-1","article-title":"Formation, Transformation, and Electrical Performance of Magn\u00e9li Phases Obtained by Flame Spraying from TiO2 Particles","volume":"33","author":"Arroyave","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.07.143","article-title":"Co-Magneli Phases Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen\/Oxygen Evolution","volume":"35","author":"Popovski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb20751j","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties of the Ti5O9 Magneli Phase with Potential Application as a Neural Stimulation Electrode","volume":"1","author":"Canillas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(92)80303-L","article-title":"The Reduction of Oxygen on Titanium Oxide Electrodes","volume":"340","author":"Baez","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR05806B","article-title":"Direct Synthesis of Pure Single-Crystalline Magn\u00e9li Phase Ti8O15 Nanowires as Conductive Carbon-Free Materials for Electrocatalysis","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14416","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02622A","article-title":"Magn\u00e9li Phase Ti8O15 Nanowires as Conductive Carbon-Free Energy Materials to Enhance the Electrochemical Activity of Palladium Nanoparticles for Direct Ethanol Oxidation","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201000397","article-title":"Universality in Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis on Oxide Surfaces","volume":"3","author":"Man","year":"2011","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045416","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.75.045416","article-title":"Raman Spectroscopy Characterization of TiO2 Rutile Nanocrystals","volume":"75","author":"Mazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L199","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3719\/21\/7\/007","article-title":"V The Raman Spectra of Co3O4","volume":"21","author":"Hadjiev","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. C Solid State Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1107\/S010876819100335X","article-title":"Structural and Thermal Parameters for Rutile and Anatase","volume":"47","author":"Howard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2016.01.027","article-title":"Encroachment of Titanium Oxide on Ni Surface for Ni\/TiO2 under Reducing Atmosphere","volume":"288","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CE02523D","article-title":"Doping and Transformation Mechanisms of Fe3+ Ions in Fe-Doped TiO2","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(01)00600-0","article-title":"Influence of Manganese Ions on the Anatase\u2013Rutile Phase Transition of TiO2 Prepared by the Sol\u2013Gel Process","volume":"54","author":"Arroyo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22133","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP01735G","article-title":"Electrical Properties and Charge Compensation Mechanisms of Cr-Doped Rutile, TiO2","volume":"23","author":"Dang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Physics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2012.03.095","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Magneli Phases: Reduction of TiO2 in a Decomposed NH3 Atmosphere","volume":"79","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202060015","article-title":"Performance of Au\/Ti and Au\/TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrodes for Borohydride Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11594","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06595","article-title":"A Highly Efficient and Robust Cation Ordered Perovskite Oxide as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries","volume":"11","author":"Bu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.131654","article-title":"FeM\/RGO (M = Ni and Cu) as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrode","volume":"368","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2025.131614","article-title":"Maximizing Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Performance of Carbon Aerogel with Co-Fe by Tuning the Synthesis Method","volume":"348","author":"Gavrilov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b00417","article-title":"NiO\/CoN Porous Nanowires as Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for Zn\u2013Air Batteries","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.12.398","article-title":"Experimental and DFT Investigations of CoFe PBA Derived Hollow Porous Electrocatalysts for Superior OER and ORR","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2022.117231","article-title":"Efficient Bifunctional Cerium-Zeolite Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Alkaline Media","volume":"292","year":"2023","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15767","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA01948E","article-title":"Enhancing the Physical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanoparticles via Cobalt Doping","volume":"12","author":"Safeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15080","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.2c03993","article-title":"Enhancement of Photoactivity of TiO2 for Potential Applications in CO2 Conversion and Water Splitting: A Hybrid Density Functional Theory Study","volume":"126","author":"Bharti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN02192B","article-title":"Analysis of Multi-Electron, Multi-Step Homogeneous Catalysis by Rotating Disc Electrode Voltammetry: Theory, Application, and Obstacles","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22362","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c08511","article-title":"Nanomaterials Electrochemistry: Insights for Materials Scientists and Electrochemists","volume":"20","author":"Urso","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c05701","article-title":"Highly Selective O2 Reduction to H2O2 Catalyzed by Cobalt Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon in Alkaline Solution","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.11.406","article-title":"Efficient Nano-Size ZnM\/RGO (M = Ni, Cu, and Fe) Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electrode Reactions in Alkaline Media","volume":"97","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2021.106963","article-title":"Tailoring Metal-Oxide-Supported PtNi as Bifunctional Catalysts of Superior Activity and Stability for Unitised Regenerative Fuel Cell Applications","volume":"124","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andri\u0107, S., Miliki\u0107, J., Sevim, M., Santos, D.M.F., and \u0160ljuki\u0107, B. (2023). Effect of Carbon Support on the Activity of Monodisperse Co45Pt55 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Media. Front. Chem., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1244148"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14235","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c00455","article-title":"Zn-Doped CoS 2 Nanoarrays for an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Understanding the Doping Effect for a Precatalyst","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-023-05556-0","article-title":"High Catalytic Activity of Ti4O7\/CNTs Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Electrocatalysts with Excellent Circulation and Methanol Resistance","volume":"27","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(21)63938-4","article-title":"Synergistic Promotion of HER and OER by Alloying Ternary Zn-Co-Ni Nanoparticles in N-Doped Carbon Interfacial Structures","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2022.111814","article-title":"Pore Architecture Evolution and OER Catalytic Activity of Hollow Co\/Zn Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks","volume":"335","author":"Mor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2013.08.039","article-title":"Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Co and Mn-Based Oxides for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Electrolyte","volume":"707","author":"Queiroz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miliki\u0107, J., Stojanovi\u0107, S., Rondovi\u0107, K., Damjanovi\u0107-Vasili\u0107, L., Rac, V., and \u0160ljuki\u0107, B. (2024). CoM-ZSM5 (M = Zn and Ni) Zeolites for an Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12050907"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.03.433","article-title":"Template-Based Synthesis of Co3O4 and Co3O4\/SnO2 Bifunctional Catalysts with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Properties for Reversible Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Reaction","volume":"48","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:12:23Z","timestamp":1790482343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19194099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19194099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}