{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:52Z","timestamp":1792789552243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","award":["KP-06-M89\/4 (K\u041f-06-M89\/4)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-M89\/4 (K\u041f-06-M89\/4)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eg49r29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["KP-06-M89\/4 (K\u041f-06-M89\/4)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-M89\/4 (K\u041f-06-M89\/4)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eg49r29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Centre of Excellence-Mechatronics and Clean Technologies","award":["BG16RFPR002-1.014-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG16RFPR002-1.014-0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater treatment has stimulated researchers to develop highly efficient catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. The present work focuses on the design and investigation of a titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalytic system with improved catalytic ability under visible light. TiO2\/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2\/rGO) and squaraine dye (SQ) sensitized TiO2\/rGO (TiO2\/rGO\/SQ) composites were synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The incorporation of SQ aims to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized composites and extend their activity by utilizing the visible-light spectrum. The composite materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and UV\u2013Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The synthesized composites were evaluated for the decolorization of the organic dyes Rhodamine B (RhB) and Fluorescein (FL) in aqueous solutions. The synthesized composites were evaluated for the decolorization of the organic dyes Rhodamine B (RhB) and fluorescein (FL) in aqueous solution. Under visible-light irradiation, TiO2\/rGO\/SQ achieved 98% decolorization of FL and 86% decolorization of RhB within 180 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:09:02Z","timestamp":1790323742000},"page":"4102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced Catalytic Activity of TiO2\/rGO Nanocomposites with Squaraine Dye for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Petya","family":"Karakashkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.11, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Shopska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.11, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Iliyana","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.11, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Tyuliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. 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