{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:02:28Z","timestamp":1790600548777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chongqing Radiation Environment Supervision and Management Station","award":["H20230742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H20230742"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the cement production process, certain materials with relatively high levels of natural radioactivity are commonly incorporated. Without control, this may lead to a residential environment with prolonged elevated radioactivity, posing a potential threat to human health. In this study, a systematic investigation of radioactivity levels was conducted on cement samples from the three major regions of Chongqing: the main urban area, northeastern Chongqing, and southeastern Chongqing. Key parameters, including the activity concentrations of the radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K; external hazard index; internal hazard index; the radium equivalent activity; and the additional annual effective dose from external gamma radiation, were calculated. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was also performed to examine the chemical composition of typical samples. The research findings indicate that all 57 tested cement samples from 20 plants complied with the radiation safety requirements. Among the sampled products, the radioactivity levels followed the order: main urban area &gt; northeastern region &gt; southeastern region. Specifically, the mean radium equivalent activity of samples from the main urban area was approximately 13.85% and 31.43% higher than those from northeastern and southeastern Chongqing, respectively. Statistical tests indicated that this regional difference was mainly driven by 226Ra, while 232Th and 40K showed no significant regional differences. Through XRF analysis of cement products and mineral raw materials with varying radioactivity levels, combined with Pearson correlation analysis, the radium equivalent activity was found to be positively correlated with the contents of TiO2 and ZrO2. Further analysis of individual radionuclides suggested that this correlation was mainly driven by 232Th, with a secondary contribution from 226Ra, whereas 40K showed no significant correlation. These results provide supporting data for evaluating the natural radioactivity levels in cement products from Chongqing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:46:29Z","timestamp":1790599589000},"page":"4125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Radioactivity Levels in Finished Cement in Chongqing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tianya","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Radiation Environment Supervision and Management Station, Chongqing 401120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shang","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chuncen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2025.111756","article-title":"Analysis of cement raw materials radioactivity in Chongqing","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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