{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:52Z","timestamp":1792789552063,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China","award":["YFSW-0224-0301-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFSW-0224-0301-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fz94q82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["YFSW-0224-0301-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFSW-0224-0301-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fz94q82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014883","name":"Open Foundation of the CNNC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WDZC-2024-NKL004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC-2024-NKL004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["WDZC-2024-NKL004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC-2024-NKL004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d5ymp84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fretting wear at metal O-ring sealing interfaces involves the coupled processes of debris generation, entrapment, and oxidation. Existing accelerated life testing relies on similarity theory, yet it overlooks the dominant role of third-body behavior in governing wear regime transitions, so equivalence between test and service conditions lacks a physical basis. This study investigates reciprocating fretting wear of an Inconel 718\/304 stainless steel pair and reinterprets wear evolution using third-body dynamics. Laser scanning confocal microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and real-time friction monitoring reveal three distinct stages: debris generation with mild damage, oxide layer formation with steady wear, and oxide layer fracture with material spalling. The friction coefficient passes through running-in, steady-state, and sharp-rise phases, while oxygen content on the wear track rises from 2.1 wt.% to 18.3 wt.%. One-way ANOVA shows significant differences among all stages. Based on Berthier\u2019s theory, a state-evolution model is developed that treats third-body oxidation degree and cumulative friction energy dissipation as equivalence criteria. Friction energy and wear mass correlate linearly (R2 = 0.94), giving an effective wear coefficient of 6.3 \u00d7 10\u22127 mg\/J and acceleration exponents of m1 = 9.77 for pressure and m2 = \u22128.71 for frequency. Independent validation shows that the model compresses test duration by 51%, with relative errors below 18% for wear mass, fractal dimension, and fractal roughness. By shifting the focus of accelerated testing from dimensional analysis to mechanism-preserving state tracking, this work provides a failure analysis framework that identifies the root cause of seal degradation as third-body oxidative spalling and offers practical preventive actions for nuclear metal seal reliability assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:46:29Z","timestamp":1790599589000},"page":"4137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Third-Body Dynamics and Tribo-Oxidation Mechanism in Fretting Degradation of an Inconel 718\/304 Stainless Steel O-Ring Seal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4242-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Linyuan","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zeyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Kang, R., Fu, J., and Liu, J. 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