{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:49:57Z","timestamp":1791521397763,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/B\/ST5\/02632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/ST5\/02632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2021\/41\/B\/ST5\/02632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/ST5\/02632"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing use of binder jetting in foundry practice has increased the need for effective recovery of the fine silica sand used in additively manufactured molds. This study examines mechanical and thermal reclamation of spent furfuryl-resin sands obtained from binder-jetted molds (US-1) and conventionally manufactured molds (US-2) after ductile iron casting. Mechanical reclamation was conducted at rotor speeds of 280\u2013560 rpm for 10\u201330 min, whereas thermal reclamation was performed at nominal temperatures of 600\u20131000 \u00b0C. Reclaim quality was assessed using loss on ignition (LOI), pH, collected dust content, and bending strength, with grain morphology used to support the interpretation of the results. At 560 rpm for 30 min, the mechanical-reclamation efficiency index (WRK) reached 31.5% for US-1 and 41.1% for US-2. At the highest nominal thermal-reclamation temperature after 30 min, LOI reached 0.14% and 0.29%, respectively. These results characterize each sand under the treatment and separation conditions applied to it. Different air-classification velocities\u20140.75 m\/s for US-1 and 1.0 m\/s for US-2\u2014limit direct comparisons of collected dust, retained-matrix LOI, and the derived WRK values. Together with differences in the initial sand characteristics, these classification conditions prevent differences between the systems from being attributed solely to the mold-manufacturing technology. Within each tested system, thermal reclamation achieved lower residual LOI, although selecting a process for practical use also requires an assessment of grain integrity and reuse performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1791194547000},"page":"4219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Study of Spent Sand Reclamation from Binder Jetting and Conventional Foundry Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Da\u0144ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Kmita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8271-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gruszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ucarz, M. (2024). Economic and Environmental Aspects of Applying the Regeneration of Spent Moulding Sand. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16198462"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Primary Used Sand Reclamation Process Efficiency","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-10-2016-0161","article-title":"A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Sand Molds by Binder Jetting and Selective Laser Sintering","volume":"24","author":"Mognol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100707","article-title":"Binder Jet 3D Printing\u2014Process Parameters, Materials, Properties, Modeling, and Challenges","volume":"119","author":"Mostafaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. 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Met."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"101889","article-title":"A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Binder Jet 3D Printing of Sand Moulds for Advanced Casting","volume":"40","author":"Sivarupan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"472","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing-Driven Mold Design for Castings","volume":"22","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceram.2026.100933","article-title":"Binder Jetting at Scale: Series Production with Sand and Pathways to Industrialization of Slurry-Based 3D Printing","volume":"25","author":"Erhard","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Ceram."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"63","article-title":"Application of the Triboelectric Method for the Ongoing Assessment of the Quality of Reclaim in Mechanical Reclaimers","volume":"22","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1515\/afe-2017-0004","article-title":"Assessment of the Possibility of Using Reclaimed Materials for Making Cores by the Blowing Method","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtzer, M., and Kmita, A. (2020). Mold and Core Sands in Metalcasting: Chemistry and Ecology. Sustainable Development, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53210-9"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:13:18Z","timestamp":1791519198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/19\/4219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19194219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19194219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]}}}