{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:49:49Z","timestamp":1791564589161,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KAU Endowment","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0229evh14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of synthetic dyes in wastewater continues to create problems for water treatment and increases the need for adsorbent materials that can provide effective dye removal. MnO2, g-C3N4, and PPy have been widely studied for pollutant removal, but direct comparisons of their individual, binary, and ternary systems under common adsorption conditions remain limited. In this study, six adsorbents were prepared and compared for Congo Red (CR) removal in the dark. The adsorption experiments were conducted using approximately 40.0 mg of adsorbent in 40 mL of a 200 mg\/L CR solution at ambient laboratory temperature. The prepared materials were characterized using XRD, SEM\u2013EDS, XPS, FTIR, nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption analysis, UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy to examine their structural, morphological, elemental, surface-chemical, textural, and optical properties. Among the tested samples, the ternary composite showed the highest final Congo Red removal, reaching 75.1% after 120 min, with an observed adsorption capacity q120 of 150.20 mg g\u22121. Three independent adsorption experiments also produced close final removal values, supporting the repeatability of the ternary composite. The removal ranking did not follow the BET surface-area ranking, suggesting that surface area alone could not explain the observed performance. Changes in the FTIR spectra after adsorption supported Congo Red removal but did not identify the specific interactions between the dye and the adsorbent surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19194225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1791194547000},"page":"4225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MnO2\/g-C3N4\/PPy Ternary Composite for Congo Red Adsorption from Water: Preparation and Comparative Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sami","family":"Hummadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radi A.","family":"Alsulami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7603-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Omaish","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0967-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Melaibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5451-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Jilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Process Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsukaibi, A.K.D. 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