{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:56:29Z","timestamp":1782464189797,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodegradable materials are used in packaging, agriculture, medicine and other areas. In recent years there has been an increase in interest in biodegradable polymers. Two classes of biodegradable polymers can be distinguished: synthetic or natural polymers. There are polymers produced from feedstocks derived either from petroleum resources (non renewable resources) or from biological resources (renewable resources). In general natural polymers offer fewer advantages than synthetic polymers. The following review presents an overview of the different biodegradable polymers that are currently being used and their properties, as well as new developments in their synthesis and applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2020307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T10:04:51Z","timestamp":1238666691000},"page":"307-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1227,"title":["Biodegradable Polymers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Vroman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure d'Ing\u00e9nieurs en Emballage et Conditionnement (ESIEC), Esplanade Roland Garros - P\u00f4le Henri Farman, BP 1029, 51686 Reims Cedex 2, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Tighzert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure d'Ing\u00e9nieurs en Emballage et Conditionnement (ESIEC), Esplanade Roland Garros - P\u00f4le Henri Farman, BP 1029, 51686 Reims Cedex 2, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064","article-title":"Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques","volume":"73","author":"Lucas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1994.070541112","article-title":"Mechanical properties of LDPE\/granular starch composites","volume":"54","author":"Willett","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(00)00223-8","article-title":"Ultraviolet selective and mechanical properties of polyethylene mulching films","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Mixing polyethylene-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) copolymer starch formulations for blown films","volume":"9","author":"Jaserg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Polym. Mat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(96)00028-8","article-title":"Effect of starch type on the properties of starch containing films","volume":"29","author":"Lawton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.016","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of biodegradable agricultural films under real field conditions","volume":"91","author":"Briassoulis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Deg. Stab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(06)12009-8","article-title":"Recent developments in biodegradable synthetic polymers","volume":"12","author":"Pathiraja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotech. Ann. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00380-4","article-title":"Evaluation of degradability of biodegradable polyethylene (PE)","volume":"80","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Deg. Stab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(97)00039-7","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers","volume":"23","author":"Chandra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Progr. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Nair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Progr. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(01)00039-9","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of biodegradable polymers","volume":"27","author":"Okada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progr. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/15321799508014594","article-title":"Recent advances in ring opening polymerization of lactones and related compounds","volume":"35","author":"Lofgren","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"30","article-title":"Synthetic biodegradable polymers as medical devices","volume":"3","author":"Middleton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Plastics Biomater. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.10.001","article-title":"Melt-solid polycondensation of lactic acid and its biodegradability","volume":"34","author":"Maharana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progr. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOOE.0000010052.86786.ef","article-title":"An overview on the mechanical behavior of biodegradable agricultural films","volume":"12","author":"Briassoulis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Poly. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(02)00012-6","article-title":"Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition","volume":"27","author":"Stolt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progr. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"79","article-title":"Polym\u00e8res de fermentation. Les polyacides lactiques et leurs pr\u00e9curseurs, les acides lactiques","volume":"11-12","author":"Vert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Actual. Chim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400043","article-title":"An overview of polylactides as packaging materials","volume":"4","author":"Auras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1581(199704)8:4<203::AID-PAT627>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Structural effects on biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters","volume":"8","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"66","article-title":"Les (bio)polym\u00e8res biod\u00e9gradables: l\u2019enjeu de demain?","volume":"86","author":"Rutot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chim. Nouv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.11517","article-title":"Plasticizing polylactide \u2013 the effect of different plasticizers on the mechanical properties","volume":"39","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.01.001","article-title":"A novel biodegrable multiblock poly(ester urethane) containing poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(butylene succinate) blocks","volume":"50","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19960103)59:1<37::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Effect of molecular weight and crystallinity on poly(lactic acid) mechanical properties","volume":"59","author":"Perego","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820110507","article-title":"Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): Rate modification with changes in PLA\/PGA copolymer ratios","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mat. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.11.035","article-title":"Chitosan\/oligo L-lactide graft copolymers: effect of hydrophobic side chains on the physico-chemical properties and biodegradability","volume":"24","author":"Luckachan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/270076a0","article-title":"Hydrolysis of polyesters by lipases","volume":"270","author":"Tokiwa","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(97)00220-6","article-title":"Processability and properties of aliphatic polyesters, \u201cBionolle\u201d, synthesized by polycondensation reaction","volume":"59","author":"Fujimaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doi, Y., and Fukuda, K. (1994). Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.19.S11"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(97)00186-9","article-title":"Architecture of biodegradable copolyesters containing aromatic constituents","volume":"59","author":"Muller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3163","article-title":"Multiple melting behavior of poly(butylene succinate) during heating scan by DSC","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200700084","article-title":"Crystallization kinetics of biodegradable poly(butylenes succinate) under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions","volume":"208","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Doi, Y., and Steinb\u00fcchel, A. (2002). Biopolymers, vol 4. Polyesters III. Application and commercial products, Wiley-VCH."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)80855-X","article-title":"Molecular weight distribution and branched structure of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters determined by SEC-MALLS","volume":"37","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12722","article-title":"Synthesis and biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diols","volume":"90","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400183","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of biodegradable poly(butylenesuccinate) as a novel biomaterial","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.07.017","article-title":"Biocompatibility and bioactivity of plasma treated biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.035","article-title":"Biodegradble aliphatic polyesters. Part I. Properties and biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate-co butylene adipate)","volume":"91","author":"Tserki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.05.038","article-title":"Effects of molecular weights of poly(p-dioxanone) on its thermal rheological and mechanical properties and in vitro degradability","volume":"87","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2004.11.003","article-title":"A novel biodegradable polyester from chain-extension of poly(p-dioxanone) with poly(butylene succinate)","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00008a008","article-title":"Synthesis, properties and biodegradation of poly(1.3-trimethylene carbonate)","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.017","article-title":"Thermal properties and degradability of poly (propylene carbonate)\/poly (\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate-co-\u03b2-hydroxyvalerate) (PPC\/PHBV) blends","volume":"94","author":"Tao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.9.4220-4222.1999","article-title":"Degradation of polycarbonate by a polyester-degrading strain, Amycolatopsis sp. Strain HT-6","volume":"65","author":"Pranamuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1320","article-title":"New polymers syntheses CIX. Biodegradable, alternating copolyesters of terephtalic acids, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and alkane diols","volume":"39","author":"Shaik","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A-Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02763591","article-title":"Biodegradation behavior and material properties of aliphatic\/aromatic polyesters of commercial importance","volume":"5","author":"Witt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Envir. Polym. Degrad."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00162-4","article-title":"Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters: evaluation of the final biodegradability and ecotoxicological impact of degradation intermediates","volume":"44","author":"Witt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1<1::AID-MAME1>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview","volume":"276-277","author":"Mohanty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.014","article-title":"Studies on biodegradability of copolymers of lactic acid, terephtalic acid and ethylene glycol","volume":"94","author":"Sony","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.10.026","article-title":"Synthesis, structural study and hydrolytic degradation of copolymer based on glycolic acid and bis-2-hydroxyethyl terephtalate","volume":"94","author":"Olewnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.12.001","article-title":"Synthesis and hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene succinate) and poly(ethylene terephtalate) copolymers","volume":"94","author":"Kondratowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11904.x","article-title":"6-Aminohexanoic Acid Cyclic Dimer Hydrolase. A New Cyclic Amide Hydrolase Produced by Acromobacter guttatus KI72","volume":"80","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0518(199806)36:8<1271::AID-POLA10>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a family of biodegradable poly(ester amide)s derived from glycine","volume":"36","author":"Paredes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A-Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1991.153","article-title":"Enzymatic degrading solubilization of a polymer comprising glycine, phenylalanine, 1,2-ethanodiol, and adipic acid","volume":"1","author":"Saotome","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(97)00174-2","article-title":"Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of cellulose","volume":"59","author":"Grigat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(02)00173-8","article-title":"Morphology and properties of waterborne polyurethane\/clay nanocomposites","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051373","article-title":"Microbial degradation of polyurethane, polester polyurethanes and polyether polyurethanes","volume":"51","author":"Nomura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol.Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2005.02.007","article-title":"Synthesis of biocompatible segmented polyurethanes from aliphatic diisocyanates and diurea diol chain extenders","volume":"1","author":"Guelcher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.21373","article-title":"Biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane based on poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) and L-lysine diisocyanate","volume":"44","author":"Hassan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A-Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2008.09.011","article-title":"Evaluation of biocompatibility and mechanical behaviour of polyurethane elastomers based on chitin\/1,4-butane diol blends","volume":"44","author":"Zia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.03.013","article-title":"Molecular engineering of chitin based polyurethane elastomers","volume":"74","author":"Zia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.08.035","article-title":"Thermoplastic biodegradable polyurethanes: the effect of chain extender structure on properties and in-vitro degradation","volume":"28","author":"Tatai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1994.080321216","article-title":"Hydrolysable poly(ester urethane) networks from L-lysine diisocyanate and D,L- lactide\/e-caprolactone homo and copolyester triols","volume":"32","author":"Storey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A-Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00005-3","article-title":"A new peptide-based urethane polymer: synthesis, biodegradation and potential to support cell growth in-vitro","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9440(97)00071-4","article-title":"Waterborne polyurethanes","volume":"32","author":"Nobel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coating"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9440(02)00002-4","article-title":"Two package waterborne urethane systems","volume":"44","author":"Wicks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coatings."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9418(99)00066-5","article-title":"Waterborne anionic polyurethanes and poly(urethane-urea)s: Influence of the chain extender on mechanical and adhesive properties","volume":"19","author":"Delpecha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Testing"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.04.013","article-title":"Innovative plasticized starch films modified with waterborne polyurethane from renewable resources","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.08.026","article-title":"Preparation and properties of starch thermoplastics modified with waterborne polyurethane from renewable resources","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.05.023","article-title":"Preparation and properties of plasticized starch modified with poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) based waterborne polyurethane","volume":"71","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00050-9","article-title":"Polyanhydrides: An overview","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1163\/156856292X00402","article-title":"The development of polyanhydrides for drug delivery applications","volume":"3","author":"Tamada","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820190806","article-title":"Biodegradable polyanhydrides as drug carrier matrices: Characterization, degradation and release characteristics","volume":"19","author":"Leong","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199824)43:4<374::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Preliminary in vivo report on the osteocompatibility of poly(anhydride-co-imides) evaluated in a tibial model","volume":"43","author":"Ibim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(76)90386-6","article-title":"Purification and properties of a polyvinylalcohol-degrading enzyme produced by a strain of Pseudomonas","volume":"174","author":"Watanabe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060611w","article-title":"Plasticization of a protein-based film by glycerol: A spectroscopic, mechanical, and thermal study","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.01.075","article-title":"Improved tensile strength of glycerol-plasticized gluten","volume":"99","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.08.002","article-title":"Collagens \u2013 structure, function and biosynthesis","volume":"55","author":"Gelse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(86)90110-9","article-title":"Immobilization of collagen onto polymer surfaces having hydroxyl groups","volume":"7","author":"Tabata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Mark, H.F., Bikales, N.M., Overberger, C.G., and Menges, G. (1988). Gelatin. Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, J. Wiley and sons."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2008.10.002","article-title":"Fish gelatin: A renewable material for developing active biodegradable films","volume":"20","author":"Gimenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2008.07.017","article-title":"Effetcs of various plasticizers on mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of gelatin films","volume":"23","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90025-6","article-title":"Surface modification of polymers for medical applications","volume":"15","author":"Ikada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-5210(09)80152-5","article-title":"Rheological properties of wheat gluten","volume":"12","author":"Attenburrow","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cereal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980697w","article-title":"Glass transition of wheat gluten plasticized with water, glycerol or sorbitol","volume":"47","author":"Pouplin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00760-4","article-title":"Biodegradability of wheat gluten based bioplastics","volume":"54","author":"Domenek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2005.04.010","article-title":"Rheology and processing of gluten based bioplastics","volume":"26","author":"Jerez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Shurtleff, W., and Aoyagi, A. (1989). Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, and Textured Soy Protein Products, Soyfoods Center."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(01)00084-2","article-title":"Concurrent production of chitin from shrimp shells and fungi","volume":"332","author":"Teng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451967-2\/00127-6","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan","volume":"2","author":"Tokura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compr. Glycosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.05.016","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of novel chitin derivative","volume":"14","author":"Je","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5408(01)00545-1","article-title":"Biopolymer composite films based on carrageenan and chitosan","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"33","article-title":"N-carboxybutyl chitosan as a wound dressing and a cosmetic ingredient","volume":"9","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chim. Oggi."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.07.017","article-title":"Graft copolymerized chitosan-present status and applications","volume":"62","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2006.06.021","article-title":"Review Sulfated chitin and chitosan as novel biomaterials","volume":"40","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2008.07.004","article-title":"Preparative methods of phosphorylated chitin and chitosan\u2014An overview","volume":"43","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(97)00247-6","article-title":"The influence of amylase and amylopectine characteristics on gelatinization and retrogradation properties of different starches","volume":"35","author":"Fredriksson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00124-8","article-title":"Composition, molecular structure and physicochemical properties of starches from four field pea cultivars","volume":"74","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1021\/ma990274a","article-title":"polyssaccharide microcrystals reinforced amorphous poly(\u03b2-hydroxyoctanoate) nanocomposite material","volume":"32","author":"Dubief","year":"1999","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1021\/ma050054z","article-title":"processing and structural properties of waxy maize starch nanocrystals reinforced natural rubber","volume":"28","author":"Angellier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050797s","article-title":"Thermoplastic starch-waxy maize starch nanocrystals nanocomposites","volume":"7","author":"Angellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-379X(200108)53:8<372::AID-STAR372>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Properties of biodegradable multilayer films based on plasticized wheat starch","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Starch"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Weber, C.J. (2000). Biobased packaging materials for the food industry, status and perspectives, KVL Department of Dairy and Food Science."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02068675","article-title":"Biodegradation of starch-poly(\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) composites in municipal activated sludge","volume":"3","author":"Imam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Envir. Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6690(95)00048-8","article-title":"Crystallinity in starch bioplastics","volume":"5","author":"Hulleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(01)00208-9","article-title":"The crystallinity of amylose and amylopectin films","volume":"48","author":"Myllarinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"742","article-title":"Developments of biodegradable plastics containing polycaprolactone and\/or starch","volume":"63","author":"Yukuta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(03)00427-9","article-title":"Composites get greener","volume":"6","author":"Netravali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mat. Today"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1993.070480504","article-title":"The acetylation and enzymatic degradation of starch films","volume":"48","author":"Parandoosh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/star.200300246","article-title":"Grafting of poly(methacrylic acid) on starch and poly(vinyl alcohol)","volume":"56","author":"Beliakova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Starch \u2013 Starke"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(94)90190-2","article-title":"Glycerol-plasticized films prepared from starch-poly(vinyl alcohol) mixture : effect of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)","volume":"23","author":"Lawton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1081\/MC-120023911","article-title":"Properties of starch blends with biodegradable polymers","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Macrom. Sci. C-Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, G., and Gilead, D. (1995). Degradable Polymers: Principles and Applications, Chapman and Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0571-2"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Vandamme, E.J., De Baets, S., and Steinb\u00fcchel, A. (2002). Biopolymers, vol. 6. Polysaccharides II, Wiley-VCH."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01418207","article-title":"Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments","volume":"1","author":"Gu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Environ. Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01458295","article-title":"Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic compost environments","volume":"1","author":"Gu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Environ. Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.11.002","article-title":"Process for obtaining cellulose acetate from agricultural by-products","volume":"64","author":"Biswas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00063a048","article-title":"Cellulose acetate propionate and poly(tetramethylene glutarate) blends","volume":"26","author":"Buchanan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(03)00190-3","article-title":"Cellulose diacetate-graft-poly(lactic acid)s: synthesis of wide-ranging compositions and their thermal and mechanical properties","volume":"44","author":"Teramoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200600069","article-title":"Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Augst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.63.1.21-53.1999","article-title":"Metabolic Engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic","volume":"63","author":"Madison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(01)00039-9","article-title":"Chemical syntheses of biodegradable polymers","volume":"27","author":"Masahiko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200301655","article-title":"Nature ou petrochemistry? Biologically degradable materials","volume":"43","author":"Mecking","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1","article-title":"Back to nature","volume":"March","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Plastics News(sutton)"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, D.L. (1998). Biopolymers from Renewable Resources; Macromolecular Systems-Materials approach, Springer-Verlag. Chapter 15.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03680-8_1"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"163","article-title":"Biotechnological production of lactic acid and its recent applications","volume":"44","author":"Wee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00040-7","article-title":"Bioplastics from microorganisms","volume":"6","author":"Lunego","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2008.05.003","article-title":"Films based on kefiran, an exopolysaccharide obtained from kefir grain: development and characterization","volume":"23","author":"Piermaria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050958","article-title":"Biosynthesis and chemical reactions of poly(amino acid)s from microorganisms","volume":"47","author":"Kunioka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(01)00018-2","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in plants as a tool for biotechnology and basic studies of lipid metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Poirier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purnell, M.P., Petrasovits, L.A., Nielsen, L.K., and Brumbley, S.M. (2007). Plant Biotechnol., 5, 173\u2013184.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2006.00230.x"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"215","article-title":"Production of poly-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by some Rhizobium bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Mercan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0027550","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers","volume":"107","author":"Lenz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"24","article-title":"What makes green plastics green?","volume":"44","author":"Stevens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biocycle"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0126(199709)44:1<104::AID-PI812>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Biodegradable polymer blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and starch acetate","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(99)00107-7","article-title":"Mechanical properties and biodegradation characteristics of PHB bases films","volume":"35","author":"Savenkova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"665","article-title":"Correlation between degree of crystallinity, morphology, glass temperature, mechanical properties and biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) PHAs and their blends","volume":"3","author":"Schnabel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Polym. Testing"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.1986.180240108","article-title":"The relationship between microstructure and mode of fracture in polyhydroxybutyrate","volume":"24","author":"Barham","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B-Polym. Phys"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(84)90075-2","article-title":"The thermal degradation of poly(-(D)-\u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid) : Part 2 \u2013 Changes in molecular weight","volume":"6","author":"Grassie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(99)00219-0","article-title":"Biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), sky-green and mater-Bi by fungi isolated from soils","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, W.C., Wada, Y., and Chang, C.P. Fermentation, biodegradation and tensile strength of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) synthesized by Delfia acidovorans. J. Tw. Inst. Chem. Eng., 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2008.11.004"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0126(199603)39:3<191::AID-PI478>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Reactive blending methodologies for Biopol","volume":"39","author":"Avella","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1971.110090303","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of poly(\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate)","volume":"9","author":"Sheldon","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"235","article-title":"Ring-opening copolymerization of optically active \u03b2-butyrolactone with several lactones catalysed by distannoxane complexes: Study of the mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Hori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0602369","article-title":"Novel synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)","volume":"39","author":"Juzwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2009.01.004","article-title":"Thermophilic bacterium caldimonas taiwanensis produces poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from starch and valerate as carbon sources","volume":"44","author":"Sheu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Enz. Microbial. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, W.C., Wada, Y., Mitobe, T., Mitomo, H., Seko, N., and Tamada, M. Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers grafting on microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). J. Tw. Inst. Chem. Eng., 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2008.10.005"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0126(1998100)47:2<89::AID-PI86>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"A Review of biodegradable polymers: uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies","volume":"47","author":"Amass","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"30","article-title":"The influence of injection molding conditions on biodegradable polymers","volume":"2","author":"Parikh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Injection Molding Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.024","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanical and degradation performances of optimised agricultural biodegradable films","volume":"92","author":"Briassoulis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2006.07.005","article-title":"Characterization and properties of biodegradable poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and 4,4-dihydroxydiphenylpropane blends : intermolecular hydrogen bonds, miscibility and crystallization","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02067485","article-title":"Processing and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)-starch compositions","volume":"3","author":"Kotnis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Environ. Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.10313","article-title":"Steady shear and dynamic properties of biodegradable polyesters","volume":"38","author":"Ramkumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00217a027","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of a new bacterial copolyester of 3-hydroxyalkanoates and 3-hydroxy-chloroalkanoates","volume":"23","author":"Doi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00222339108054378","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate)","volume":"28","author":"Nakamura","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00218-6","article-title":"Occurrence, synthesis and medical application of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate","volume":"53","author":"Zinn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.003","article-title":"Effects of culture conditions on the composition of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxyval\u00e9rate) synthetized by Comamonas acidovorans","volume":"84","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07528.x","article-title":"Diversity of bacterial polyhydroalkanoic acids","volume":"128","author":"Valentin","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.08.037","article-title":"Microbial production of poly-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate by marine microbes isolated from various marine environments","volume":"100","author":"Arun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02763594","article-title":"Starch- polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked film\u2014 performance and biodegradation","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Environ. Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19970627)64:13<2613::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Structure and properties of starch\/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) blown films","volume":"64","author":"Stenhouse","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015201928153","article-title":"Extruded cornstarch-glycerol-polyvinyl alcohol blends: mechanical properties, morphology and biodegradability","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.01.032","article-title":"Two stage extrusion of plasticized pectin\/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends","volume":"65","author":"Fishman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.09.026","article-title":"The anaerobic degradability of thermoplastic starch\/polyvinyl alcohol blends: potential biodegradable food packaging materials","volume":"100","author":"Russo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.11384","article-title":"Biodegradable polymer blends of poly(L-lactic acid) and gelatinized starch","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0400022","article-title":"Mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)\/starch composites compatibilized by maleic anhydride","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouhib, R., Renault, B., Mouaziz, H., Nouvel, C., Dellacherie, E., and Six, J.L. (2009). Biodegradable amylose-g-PLA glycopolymers from renewable resources. Carbohydr. Polym.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.11.038"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00072-1","article-title":"Processing and characterization of starch\/polycaprolactone products","volume":"77","author":"Matzinos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024635130991","article-title":"Preparation and Biodegradation of Starch\/Polycaprolactone Films","volume":"1","author":"Yavuz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Polym Environ."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.20139","article-title":"Rheological, mechanical and biodegradation studies on blends thermoplastic starch and polycaprolactone","volume":"44","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(95)90934-T","article-title":"Biodegradable blends and composites of polycaprolactone and starch derivatives","volume":"36","author":"Koenig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02067484","article-title":"Physical state and biodegradation behavior of starch-polycaprolactone systems","volume":"3","author":"Bastioli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Environ. Polym. Degr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(99)00014-2","article-title":"Processing, performance and biodegradability of a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester\/starch system","volume":"40","author":"Ratto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(94)90465-0","article-title":"Polymer blends containing poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s","volume":"35","author":"Verhoogt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(02)00110-4","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of biodegradable poly-3-hydroxubutyrate-starch blend films","volume":"86","author":"Godbole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(20000620)76:12<1767::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"A semi empirical model for predicting biodegradation profiles of individual polymers in starch-poly-(\u03b2-hydroxubutyrate-co-\u03b2-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastic","volume":"76","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.4.1242-1246.1993","article-title":"Biodegradability and mechanical properties of poly-(\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate-co-\u03b2-hydroxyvalearate)-starch blends","volume":"59","author":"Ramsay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(00)00155-5","article-title":"Properties of injection moulded blends of starch and modified biodegradable polyesters","volume":"37","author":"Mani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7373","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00052a046","article-title":"Cellulose acetate butyrate and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valearate) copolymer blends","volume":"25","author":"Buchanan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1002\/app.20211","article-title":"Effect of poly(propylene carbonate) on the crystallization and melting behaviour of poly poly(\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate-co-\u03b2-hydroxyvalerate)","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-005-1353-y","article-title":"Effect of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) on thermal behavior and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)\/poly(propylene carbonate) (PHB\/PPC) blends","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Coll. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02875438","article-title":"Effects of In Vitro degradation on the weight loss and tensile properties of PLA\/LPCL\/HPCL blend fibers","volume":"4","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fiber. Polym."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/app.22193","article-title":"Reactive blending of poly(L-lactic acid) with poly(ethyleneco-vinyl alcohol)","volume":"98","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.12.025","article-title":"Super-tough poly(lactic acid) materials: Reactive blending with ethylene copolymer","volume":"50","author":"Oyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00404-4","article-title":"Amphiphilic biodegradable copolymer, poly(aspartic acid-co-lactide) : acceleration of degradation rate and improvement of thermal stability for poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate) and poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"80","author":"Shinoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.001","article-title":"Accelerated degradation of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) via melt blending with poly(aspartic acid -co-lactide) (PAL)","volume":"94","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1763","article-title":"Thermal analysis and miscibility of chitin\/polycaprolactone blends","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.793","article-title":"Biodegradable blends of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) with chitin and chitosan: Specific interactions, thermal properties and crystallization behavior","volume":"51","author":"Senda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.06.059","article-title":"Emulsan tailorable biopolymer for controlled release","volume":"99","author":"Catro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(00)00297-8","article-title":"Radiation modification of water sorption of cassava starch by acrylic acid\/acrylamide","volume":"59","author":"Suda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rad. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(99)00019-9","article-title":"Potential of biobased materials for food packaging","volume":"10","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saad, B., and Suter, U.W. (2008). Biodegradable polymeric materials. Encyclopedia Mater. Sci. Technol., 551\u2013555.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043152-6\/00105-4"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.03.012","article-title":"Natural\u2013origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications","volume":"59","author":"Malafaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Lanza, R., Langer, R., and Vacanti, J. (2007). Principles of Tissue Engineering, Elsevier. [3rd Ed.]. Chaptor 23."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"185","article-title":"Les polym\u00e8res issus du v\u00e9g\u00e9tal: mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques pour des applications cibl\u00e9es en industrie plastique","volume":"10","author":"Rabetafika","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Agronom. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(94)90245-3","article-title":"Body distribution of intravenously administered gelatin with different molecular weights","volume":"31","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cont. Rel."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00629-3","article-title":"Potentially of gelatin hydrogel in promoting the bone repairing activity of platelet-rich plasma (PRP); An experimental study in rabbit","volume":"61","author":"Hokugo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillof. Surg."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(83)90012-7","article-title":"Chitin and its derivatives: New trends of applied research","volume":"3","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(01)00285-2","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.04.016","article-title":"Radical scavenging activity of 5-methylpyrrolidinone chitosan and dibutyryl chitin","volume":"74","author":"Castagnino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00026-7","article-title":"Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan","volume":"24","author":"Khor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(99)00022-7","article-title":"PHA applications: Addressing the price performance issue. I. Tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1667","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biodegradable polymers with a range of applications","volume":"82","author":"Philips","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200205000-00013","article-title":"Bioabsorbable ciprofloxacin-containing and plain self reinforced poly(lactide-polyglycolide) 80\/20 screws: pullout strength properties in human cadaver parietal bones","volume":"13","author":"Tiainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"71","article-title":"Poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) and its copolymers","volume":"45","author":"Pitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-2592(97)90020-1","article-title":"Correction of hallux valgus by Mitchell\u2019s metatarsal osteotomy: comparing standard fixation methods with absorbable polydioxanone pins","volume":"7","author":"Prior","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/10601329608010880","article-title":"The case for polylactic acid as a commodity packaging plastic","volume":"33","author":"Sinclair","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2006.09.001","article-title":"Preparation and physical properties of soy protein isolate and gelatin composite films","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.01.020","article-title":"Fat resistance properties of chitosan-based paper packaging for food applications","volume":"61","author":"Pardon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.11.047","article-title":"Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications","volume":"114","author":"Dutta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9418(03)00042-4","article-title":"The use of roughness for evaluation of poly-\u03b2-(hydroxybutyrate) and poly-\u03b2-(hydroxybutyrate-co-\u03b2-valerate)","volume":"23","author":"Rosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Testing"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2005.02.008","article-title":"PHB packaging for the storage of food products","volume":"24","author":"Bucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Testing"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiellini, E., and Solaro, R. (2003). Biodegradable polymers and plastics, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9240-6"},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"10","article-title":"Paillages et ficelles biod\u00e9gradables : une alternative pour le mara\u00eechage bio","volume":"59","author":"Mazollier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alter. Agric."},{"key":"ref_213","unstructured":"Steiner, P.R. (1994, January 6-9). Biobased,biodegradable geotextiles USDA forest service research update. Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Rim bio-based composites symposium."},{"key":"ref_214","unstructured":"Doi, Y., and Steinb\u00fcchel, A. (2002). Biopolymers, vol 4. Polyesters III. Application and commercial products, Wiley-VCH."},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"Lammers, P., and Kromer, K. (,  2002). Competitive natural fiber used in composite materials for automotive parts. Proceeding of 2002 Annual International Meeting, ASAE Paper, Chicago, USA. No. 026167."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400023","article-title":"The sustainability of natureworksTM polylactide polymers and ingeoTM polylactides fibers: an update of the future","volume":"4","author":"Vink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200300010","article-title":"Present and future role of chitin and chitosan in food","volume":"3","author":"Agullo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/2\/2\/307\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:10Z","timestamp":1760220610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/2\/2\/307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma2020307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma2020307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]}}}