{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T03:26:52Z","timestamp":1786678012167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]],"date-time":"2013-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we first investigated changes seen in electrical and optical properties of a polymer light-emitting diode due to using different kinds of solvents and their mixture. Two-layer light emitting diodes with organic small molecules doped in a PVK polymer host were fabricated using (i) non-aromatic solvent chloroform with a high evaporation rate; (ii) aromatic solvent chlorobenzene with a low evaporation rate, and  (iii) their mixture with different relative ratios. The effect of nano-scale layer thickness, surface roughness and internal nano-morphology on threshold voltage and the amount of electric current, the luminance and efficiency of a device were assessed. Results indicated the importance of majority charge carriers\u2019 type in the selection of solvent and tuning its properties. Then, the effect of thermal annealing on electrical and optical properties of polymer light emitting diodes was investigated. During the device fabrication, pre-annealing in 80 and\/or 120 \u00b0C and post-annealing in 120 \u00b0C were performed. The nano-scale effect of annealing on polymer-metal interface and electric current injection was described thoroughly. A comparison between threshold voltage, luminance and electric current efficiency of luminescence for different annealing processes was undertaken, so that the best electric current efficiency of luminescence achieved at 120 \u00b0C pre-annealing accompanied with 120 \u00b0C post-annealing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6051994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]],"date-time":"2013-05-15T12:29:39Z","timestamp":1368620979000},"page":"1994-2006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effect of Solvents, Their Mixture and Thermal Annealing  on the Performance of Solution Processed Polymer  Light-Emitting Diodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rezvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 15569-14846, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Farajollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Nikfarjam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-1374, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Bakhtiarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erfan","family":"Saydanzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 15569-14846, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/382695a0","article-title":"Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities","volume":"382","author":"Tessler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02498","article-title":"The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic","volume":"428","author":"Forrest","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MCD.2006.1657845","article-title":"Emerging memory devices","volume":"22","author":"Galatsis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circuits Devices Mag. 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