{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:56:15Z","timestamp":1791917775623,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extracellular colorants produced by Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum, three commonly utilized spalting fungi, were tested against a standard woodworker\u2019s aniline dye to determine if the fungal colorants could be utilized in an effort to find a naturally occurring replacement for the synthetic dye. Fungal colorants were delivered in two methods within a pressure treater\u2014the first through solubilization of extracted colorants in dichloromethane, and the second via liquid culture consisting of water, malt, and the actively growing fungus. Visual external evaluation of the wood test blocks showed complete surface coloration of all wood species with all colorants, with the exception of the green colorant (xylindein) from C. aeruginosa in liquid culture, which did not produce a visible surface color change. The highest changes in external color came from noble fir, lodgepole pine, port orford cedar and sugar maple with aniline dye, cottonwood with the yellow colorant in liquid culture, lodgepole pine with the red colorant in liquid culture, red alder and Oregon maple with the green colorant in dichloromethane, and sugar maple and port orford cedar with the yellow colorant in dichloromethane. The aniline dye was superior to the fungal colorants in terms of internal coloration, although none of the tested compounds were able to completely visually color the inside of the test blocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7085427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T11:00:50Z","timestamp":1406199650000},"page":"5427-5437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Wood Colorization through Pressure Treating:  The Potential of Extracted Colorants from Spalting Fungi as  a Replacement for Woodworkers\u2019 Aniline Dyes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science & Engineering, 119 Richardson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Hinsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science & Engineering, 119 Richardson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science & Engineering, 119 Richardson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Leipus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University,  1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cerney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University,  1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Michaelsen, H., and Buchholz, R. (2009). Von F\u00e4rben des Holzes. Holzbeizen von der Antike bis in die Gegenwart, Michael Imhof Verlag. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1515\/hfsg.1992.46.3.225","article-title":"The use of green-stained wood caused by the fungus Chlorociboria in Intarsia masterpieces from the 15th Century","volume":"46","author":"Blanchette","year":"1992","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3858-2","article-title":"Developing fungal pigments for \u201cpainting\u201d vascular plants","volume":"93","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, S.C., Hinsch, E., Weber, G., and Freitas, S. (2014). Method of extraction and resolubilization of pigments from Chlorociboria aeruginosa and Scytalidium cuboideum, two prolific spalting fungi. Coloration Technol., in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/cote.12080"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, S.C., Tudor, D., Snider, H., and Cooper, P.A. (2012). Stimulating growth and xylindein production of Chlorociboria aeruginascens in agar-based systems. AMB Express, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-2-15"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2010062","article-title":"A method for digital color analysis of spalted wood using Scion Image software","volume":"2","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"345","article-title":"Xylogone sphaerospora, a new ascomycete from stored pulpwood chips","volume":"63","author":"Nilsson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Sven Bot Tidskr"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"349","article-title":"Taxonomy of Malbranchea and some other Hyphomycetes with arthroconidia","volume":"4","author":"Sigler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mycotaxon"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"495","article-title":"Redisposition of some fungi referred to Oidium microspermum and a review of Arthrographis","volume":"18","author":"Sigler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mycotaxon"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wang, C.J.K., and Zabel, R.A. (1999). Identification Manual for Fungi from Utility Poles in the EasternUnited States, American Type Culture Collection."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2011.07.012","article-title":"Wood preference by spalting fungi in urban hardwood species","volume":"65","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradat."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"PRA Colour Consultancy. Available online:http:\/\/www.pra-world.com\/technical_services\/consultancy\/colour."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/7\/8\/5427\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:03Z","timestamp":1760217243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/7\/8\/5427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma7085427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma7085427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]}}}