{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:23Z","timestamp":1787028863399,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to achieve a sustained release of hydrophilic  l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (ASP) from electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, so as to promote the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells for bone  tissue engineering (TE). ASP was loaded and electrospun together with PCL via three electrospinning techniques, i.e., coaxial, emulsion, and blend electrospinning. For blend electrospinning, binary solvent systems of dichloromethane\u2013methanol (DCM\u2013MeOH) and dichloromethane\u2013dimethylformamide (DCM\u2013DMF) were used to achieve the desired ASP release through the effect of solvent polarity and volatility. The scaffold prepared via a blend electrospinning technique with a binary solvent system of DCM\u2013MeOH at a 7:3 ratio demonstrated a desirable, sustained ASP release profile for as long as two weeks, with minimal burst release. However, an undesirable burst release (~100%) was observed within the first 24 h for scaffolds prepared by coaxial electrospinning. Scaffolds prepared by emulsion electrospinning displayed poorer mechanical properties. Sustained releasing blend electrospun scaffold could be a good potential candidate as an ASP-eluting scaffold for bone tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7117398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T10:19:13Z","timestamp":1416219553000},"page":"7398-7408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Sustained Release of Hydrophilic l-ascorbic acid  2-phosphate Magnesium from Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffold\u2014A Study across Blend, Coaxial, and  Emulsion Electrospinning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,  50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,  50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,  50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Say","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,  50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE),  Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1089\/10763270360728053","article-title":"Three-dimensional biocompatible ascorbic acid-containing scaffold for bone tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200002000-00003","article-title":"Bone graft materials. An overview of the basic science","volume":"371","author":"Bauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabbari, E. (September, January 31). Effect of sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein on osteogenic expression of mesenchymal stem cells. Proceedings of 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5627505"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ngiam, M., Liao, S., Chan, C., and Ramakrishna, S. (2010). Advanced Biomaterials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100110505","article-title":"Effects of ascorbic acid, calcitriol, and retinoic acid on the differentiation of preosteoblasts","volume":"11","author":"Choong","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, P.L., Kok, S.H., Bian, Z.X., Lam, K.H., Gambari, R., Lee, K.K., and Chui, C.H. (2014). Microencapsulation-protected l-ascorbic acid for the application of human epithelial hacat cell proliferation. J. Microencapsul.","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2014.918670"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-007-0555-7","article-title":"Svct1 and svct2: Key proteins for vitamin c uptake","volume":"34","author":"Savini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.02.047","article-title":"Signal transduction pathway for l-ascorbic acid- and l-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside-induced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes","volume":"683","author":"Moteki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.06.038","article-title":"Multifunctional hydrogel-based scaffold for improving the functionality of encapsulated therapeutic cells and reducing inflammatory response","volume":"10","author":"Acarregui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.06.046","article-title":"Carboxymethyl and hydrazide functionalized beta-cyclodextrin derivatives: A systematic investigation of complexation behaviours with the model hydrophobic drug dexamethasone","volume":"472","author":"Mateen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piao, Z.G., Kim, J.S., Son, J.S., Lee, S.Y., Fang, X.H., Oh, J.S., You, J.S., and Kim, S.G. (2014). Osteogenic evaluation of collagen membrane containing drug-loaded polymeric microparticles in a rat calvarial defect model. Tissue Eng. A.","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2013.0717"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2014.06.004","article-title":"In situ gelling polyvalerolactone-based thermosensitive hydrogel for sustained drug delivery","volume":"88","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.05.008","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of ascorbic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and investigation of their apoptotic effects","volume":"121","author":"Guney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.1021\/la501448h","article-title":"Vitamin-c delivery from cocr alloy surfaces using polymer-free and polymer-based platforms for cardiovascular stent applications","volume":"30","author":"Thiruppathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.12.002","article-title":"Electrospun cellular microenvironments: Understanding controlled release and scaffold structure","volume":"63","author":"Szentivanyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900445","article-title":"One-dimensional composite nanomaterials: Synthesis by electrospinning and their applications","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00178-7","article-title":"A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.08.049","article-title":"Preparation of core-shell pan nanofibers encapsulated alpha-tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid 2-phosphate for photoprotection","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.07.013","article-title":"Ascorbic acid induces osteoblast differentiation of human suspension mononuclear cells","volume":"16","author":"Hadzir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00358-2","article-title":"Sustained release of ascorbate-2-phosphate and dexamethasone from porous plga scaffolds for bone tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.05.051","article-title":"In vivo bone formation by human marrow stromal cells in biodegradable scaffolds that release dexamethasone and ascorbate-2-phosphate","volume":"332","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-012-0047-9","article-title":"Layer-by-layered electrospun micro\/nanofibrous mats for drug delivery system","volume":"20","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2010.07.031","article-title":"Functional electrospun nanofibres of poly(lactic acid) blends with polyaniline or poly(aniline-co-benzoic acid)","volume":"160","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-010-0607-9","article-title":"Controlled wall thickness and porosity of polymeric hollow nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorani, B., Russell, S.J., and Goswami, P. (2013). Controlled morphology and mechanical characterisation of electrospun cellulose acetate fibre webs. Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/256161"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2012.746510","article-title":"Diverse release behaviors of water-soluble bioactive substances from fibrous membranes prepared by emulsion and suspension electrospinning","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2012.728193","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of electrospun plga\/gelatin nanofibers as a drug delivery system by emulsion electrospinning","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/7\/11\/7398\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:29Z","timestamp":1760216969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/7\/11\/7398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma7117398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma7117398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]}}}