{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:33:35Z","timestamp":1781177615411,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["65840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["65840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are a great variety of joint types used in nature which can inspire engineering joints. In order to design such biomimetic joints, it is at first important to understand how biological joints work. A comprehensive literature review, considering natural joints from a mechanical point of view, was undertaken. This was used to develop a taxonomy based on the different methods\/functions that nature successfully uses to attach dissimilar tissues. One of the key methods that nature uses to join dissimilar materials is a transitional zone of stiffness at the insertion site. This method was used to propose bio-inspired solutions with a transitional zone of stiffness at the joint site for several glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) to steel adhesively bonded joint configurations. The transition zone was used to reduce the material stiffness mismatch of the joint parts. A numerical finite element model was used to identify the optimum variation in material stiffness that minimises potential failure of the joint. The best bio-inspired joints showed a 118% increase of joint strength compared to the standard joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9070566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T10:01:21Z","timestamp":1468317681000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Review of Natural Joint Systems and Numerical Investigation of Bio-Inspired GFRP-to-Steel Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Avgoulas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adhesively bonded joints in composite materials: An overview","volume":"223","author":"Banea","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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