{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:35:30Z","timestamp":1790771730315,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Certain photosynthetic marine organisms have evolved mechanisms to counteract UV-radiation by synthesizing UV-absorbing compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). In this study, MAAs were separated from the extracts of marine green  alga Chlamydomonas hedleyi using HPLC and were identified as porphyra-334, shinorine, and mycosporine-glycine (mycosporine-Gly), based on their retention times and  maximum absorption wavelengths. Furthermore, their structures were confirmed by triple quadrupole MS\/MS. Their roles as UV-absorbing compounds were investigated in the human fibroblast cell line HaCaT by analyzing the expression levels of genes associated  with antioxidant activity, inflammation, and skin aging in response to UV irradiation.  The mycosporine-Gly extract, but not the other MAAs, had strong antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Furthermore, treatment with mycosporine-Gly resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 mRNA levels, which are typically increased in response to inflammation in the skin, in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, in the presence of MAAs, the UV-suppressed genes, procollagen C proteinase enhancer (PCOLCE) and elastin, which are related to skin aging, had increased expression  levels equal to those in UV-mock treated cells. Interestingly, the increased expression  of involucrin after UV exposure was suppressed by treatment with the MAAs mycosporine-Gly and shinorine, but not porphyra-334. This is the first report investigating the biological activities of microalgae-derived MAAs in human cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md12105174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T10:28:18Z","timestamp":1413282498000},"page":"5174-5187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Anti-Inflammation Activities of Mycosporine-Like Amino  Acids (MAAs) in Response to UV Radiation Suggest  Potential Anti-Skin Aging Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sung-Suk","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinik","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirye","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Shik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Moh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taek-Kyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.3390\/s110404277","article-title":"Biological sensors for solar ultraviolet radiation","volume":"11","author":"Yagura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3137\/ao.460109","article-title":"Effect of ozone depletion and UV-B radiation on humans and the environment","volume":"46","author":"Solomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. 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