{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:52:06Z","timestamp":1772524326460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lectin sensitivity of the recent pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1-2009) was screened for 12 lectins with various carbohydrate specificity by a neutral red dye uptake assay with MDCK cells. Among them, a high mannose (HM)-binding anti-HIV lectin, ESA-2 from the red alga Eucheuma serra, showed the highest inhibition against infection with an EC50 of 12.4 nM. Moreover, ESA-2 exhibited a wide range of antiviral spectrum against various influenza strains with EC50s of pico molar to low nanomolar levels. Besides ESA-2, HM-binding plant lectin ConA, fucose-binding lectins such as fungal AOL from Aspergillus oryzae and AAL from Aleuria aurantia were active against H1N1-2009, but the potency of inhibition was of less magnitude compared with ESA-2. Direct interaction between ESA-2 and a viral envelope glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA), was demonstrated by ELISA assay. This interaction was effectively suppressed by glycoproteins bearing  HM-glycans, indicating that ESA-2 binds to the HA of influenza virus through HM-glycans. Upon treatment with ESA-2, no viral antigens were detected in the host cells, indicating that ESA-2 inhibited the initial steps of virus entry into the cells. ESA-2 would thus be useful as a novel microbicide to prevent penetration of viruses such as HIV and influenza viruses to the host cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T10:37:21Z","timestamp":1432895841000},"page":"3454-3465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Entry Inhibition of Influenza Viruses with High Mannose Binding Lectin ESA-2 from the Red Alga Eucheuma serra through the Recognition of Viral Hemagglutinin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-Ku,  Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinjiro","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-Ku,  Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takanori","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-Ku,  Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takemasa","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University,  1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nishizono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka,  Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama,  Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanji","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama,  Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00231.x","article-title":"The first influenza pandemic of the new millennium","volume":"5","author":"Neumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influ. 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