{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:05:30Z","timestamp":1790755530154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce domoic acid (DA), a toxin that is vectored in the marine food web, thus causing serious problems for marine organisms and humans. In spite of this, knowledge of interactions between grazing zooplankton and diatoms is restricted. In this study, we examined the interactions between Calanus copepodites and toxin producing Pseudo-nitzschia. The copepodites were fed with different concentrations of toxic P. seriata and a strain of P. obtusa that previously was tested to be non-toxic. The ingestion rates did not differ among the diets (P. seriata, P. obtusa, a mixture of both species), and they accumulated 6%\u201316% of ingested DA (up to 420 \u00b5g per dry weight copepodite). When P. seriata was exposed to the copepodites, either through physical contact with the grazers or separated by a membrane, the toxicity of P. seriata increased (up to 3300%) suggesting the response to be chemically mediated. The induced response was also triggered when copepodites grazed on another diatom, supporting the hypothesis that the cues originate from the copepodite. Neither pH nor nutrient concentrations explained the induced DA production. Unexpectedly, P. obtusa also produced DA when exposed to grazing copepodites, thus representing the second reported toxic polar diatom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T10:28:09Z","timestamp":1434450489000},"page":"3809-3835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Dangerous Relations in the Arctic Marine Food Web: Interactions between Toxin Producing Pseudo-nitzschia Diatoms and Calanus Copepodites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Har\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, S\u00f8lvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Slot, J\u00e6gersborg All\u00e9 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Pan\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, S\u00f8lvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Slot, J\u00e6gersborg All\u00e9 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tammilehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, S\u00f8lvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Krock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung, \u00d6kologische Chemie,  Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Roskilde, Aarhus University,  Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torkel","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Slot, J\u00e6gersborg All\u00e9 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Lundholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, S\u00f8lvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00193a745","article-title":"The amnesic shellfish poisoning mystery","volume":"61","author":"Quilliam","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anal. 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