{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:29:16Z","timestamp":1791894556742,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]],"date-time":"2015-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipid extraction is an integral part of biodiesel production, as it facilitates the release of fatty acids from algal cells. To utilise thraustochytrids as a potential source for lipid production. We evaluated the extraction efficiency of various solvents and solvent combinations for lipid extraction from Schizochytrium sp. S31 and Thraustochytrium sp. AMCQS5-5. The maximum lipid extraction yield was 22% using a chloroform:methanol ratio of 2:1. We compared various cell disruption methods to improve lipid extraction yields, including grinding with liquid nitrogen, bead vortexing, osmotic shock, water bath, sonication and shake mill. The highest lipid extraction yields were obtained using osmotic shock and 48.7% from Schizochytrium sp. S31 and 29.1% from Thraustochytrium sp. AMCQS5-5. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents were more than 60% in Schizochytrium sp. S31 which suggests their suitability for biodiesel production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md13085111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]],"date-time":"2015-08-11T10:38:57Z","timestamp":1439289537000},"page":"5111-5127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Comparison of Cell Disruption Methods for Improving Lipid Extraction from Thraustochytrid Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Avinesh","family":"Byreddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adarsha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munish","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.08.035","article-title":"Does biodiesel make sense?","volume":"36","author":"Nogueira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2004.09.002","article-title":"Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-A review","volume":"10","author":"Meher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.09.029","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel","volume":"88","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001","article-title":"Biodiesel from microalgae","volume":"25","author":"Chisti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotech. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.01.055","article-title":"Overview properties of biodiesel diesel blends from edible and non-edible feedstock","volume":"22","author":"Silitonga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.06.032","article-title":"Renewable fuels from algae: An answer to debatable land based fuels","volume":"102","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.09.020","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of algal cell disruption methods: Microwave, waterbath, blender, ultrasonic and laser treatment","volume":"103","author":"McMillan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-008-9392-7","article-title":"Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production","volume":"21","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.03.058","article-title":"Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00217-7","article-title":"Evaluation of extraction methods for recovery of fatty acids from lipid-producing microheterotrophs","volume":"43","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008811716448","article-title":"Rapid method for the determination of lipid from the green alga Botryococcus braunii","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-011-1903-z","article-title":"Optimization of an Analytical Procedure for Extraction of Lipids from Microalgae","volume":"89","author":"Ryckebosch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.07.118","article-title":"An evaluation of the efficacy of using selected solvents for the extraction of lipids from algal biomass by the soxhlet extraction method","volume":"116","author":"Ramluckan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R.R., Rao, P.H., and Muthu, A. (2015). Lipid extraction methods from microalgae: A comprehensive review. Front. Energy Res., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2014.00061"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.09.009","article-title":"New mixture composition of organic solvents for efficient extraction of lipids from Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"59","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.08.048","article-title":"Microalgal cell disruption for biofuel development","volume":"91","author":"Halim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-011-9207-1","article-title":"Disruption of Chlorella vulgaris cells for the release of biodiesel-producing lipids: A comparison of grinding, ultrasonication, bead milling, enzymatic lysis, and microwaves","volume":"164","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.03.045","article-title":"Simultaneous treatment (cell disruption and lipid extraction) of wet microalgae using hydrodynamic cavitation for enhancing the lipid yield","volume":"186","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2013.04.028","article-title":"Exploring potential use of Australian thraustochytrids for the bioconversion of glycerol to omega-3 and carotenoids production","volume":"78","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0160-y","article-title":"Lipid productivity and fatty acid composition-guided selection of Chlorella strains isolated from Malaysia for biodiesel production","volume":"26","author":"Vello","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22033","article-title":"Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor","volume":"102","author":"Rodolfi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-013-0919-1","article-title":"Biomass, lipid content, and fatty acid composition of freshwater Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus grown under salt stress","volume":"36","author":"Salama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2010.12.010","article-title":"Effect of Tween 80 on the growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304","volume":"111","author":"Taoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3390\/md12041891","article-title":"Combined effects of nitrogen concentration and seasonal changes on the production of lipids in Nannochloropsis oculata","volume":"12","author":"Olofsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.07.004","article-title":"Opportunities for switchable solvents for lipid extraction from wet algal biomass: An energy evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal. Res"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kale, A. (2013). Method of Extracting Neutral Lipids with Two Solvents. (WO2013142694 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"51","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen and extraction method on algae lipid yield","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.05.015","article-title":"Comparison between several methods of total lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris biomass","volume":"22","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.06.006","article-title":"Characterization of a new zeaxanthin producing strain of Chlorella saccharophila isolated from New Zealand marine waters","volume":"143","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047707","article-title":"Combined enzymatic and mechanical cell disruption and lipid extraction of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03082.x","article-title":"A comparative study on effective cell disruption methods for lipid extraction from microalgae","volume":"53","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.07.102","article-title":"Direct lipid extraction from wet Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass using osmotic shock","volume":"123","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-8744.1990.tb00135.x","article-title":"Pilot-scale and process-scale techniques for cell disruption","volume":"12","author":"Schutte","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-0229(86)90087-6","article-title":"Disruption of microbial cells for intracellular products","volume":"8","author":"Chisti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.02.036","article-title":"Concentration of brines from RO desalination plants by natural evaporation","volume":"182","author":"Arnal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19980205)57:3<306::AID-BIT7>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Bacterial milking: A novel bioprocess for production of compatible solutes","volume":"57","author":"Sauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.12.005","article-title":"Investigations on ideal mode of cell disruption in extremely halophilic Actinopolyspora halophila (MTCC 263) for efficient release of glycine betaine and trehalose","volume":"5","author":"Kar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Liu, W., Xu, X., Zhang, H., Wang, J., and Xian, M. (2014). Production of free monounsaturated fatty acids by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-7-59"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.07.143","article-title":"Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications","volume":"16","author":"Hoekman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/lite.201200197","article-title":"Microalgae as an alternative source of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"24","author":"Ryckebosch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipid Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.03.022","article-title":"Propyl gallate and butylated hydroxytoluene influence the accumulation of saturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acid and carotenoids in thraustochytrids","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2013.04.003","article-title":"Fatty acids profiling: A selective criterion for screening microalgae strains for biodiesel production","volume":"2","author":"Talebi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5676","DOI":"10.3390\/en6115676","article-title":"Microalgal species selection for biodiesel production based on fuel properties derived from fatty acid profiles","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.04.112","article-title":"Microwave and ultrasound enhanced extractive-transesterification of algal lipids","volume":"129","author":"Gude","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"911","article-title":"A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification","volume":"37","author":"Bligh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2012.05.013","article-title":"Molecular identification of marine yeast and its spectroscopic analysis establishes unsaturated fatty acid accumulation","volume":"114","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Online osmotic pressure calculation hosted by Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Available online: http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/kinetic\/ospcal.html."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christie, W.W., and Han, X. (2010). Lipid Analysis: Lipid Isolation, Separation, Identification and Lipidomic Analysis, Oily Press.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857097866"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)00098-3","article-title":"The gas chromatograph in practical analyses of common and uncommon fatty acids for the 21st century","volume":"465","author":"Ackman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/13\/8\/5111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:50:32Z","timestamp":1760215832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/13\/8\/5111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["md13085111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md13085111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]}}}