{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1787741277715,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]],"date-time":"2016-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81472964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81472964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purified total sterols and \u03b2-sitosterol extracted from Sargassum horneri were evaluated for their antidepressant-like activity using the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Total sterols and \u03b2-sitosterol significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST and TST. Total sterols were administered orally for 7 days at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg\/kg, and \u03b2-sitosterol was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg\/kg. \u03b2-sitosterol had no effect on locomotor activity in the open field test. In addition, total sterols and \u03b2-sitosterol significantly increased NE, 5-HT, and the metabolite 5-HIAA in the mouse brain, suggesting that the antidepressant-like activity may be mediated through these neurotransmitters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md14070123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T06:20:33Z","timestamp":1467181233000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Structural Features and Potent Antidepressant Effects of Total Sterols and \u03b2-sitosterol Extracted from Sargassum horneri"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Donghai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Basic Medical College, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Basic Medical College, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Basic Medical College, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Basic Medical College, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.06.012","article-title":"Towards the study of functional brain development in depression: An interactive specialization approach","volume":"52","author":"Gaffrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/notes\/2012\/mental_health_day_20121009\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/3218","article-title":"The global burden of disease, 1990\u20132020","volume":"4","author":"Lopez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.03.016","article-title":"Combining clinical variables to optimize prediction of antidepressant treatment outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Iniesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3661-8_15","article-title":"Mouse models for studying depression-like states and antidepressant drugs","volume":"1438","author":"Bergner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.09.007","article-title":"Exposure to sub-chronic unpredictable stress accounts for antidepressant-like effects in hamsters treated with BDNF and CNQX","volume":"118","author":"Mele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.03.006","article-title":"Hippocampal BDNF signaling restored with chronic asiaticoside treatment in depression-like mice","volume":"114","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2010.08.006","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis adaptation processes in a depressive-like state induced by chronic restraint stress","volume":"46","author":"Naert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.021","article-title":"Glutamate-based antidepressants: Preclinical psychopharma-cology","volume":"73","author":"Pilc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.235119","article-title":"The developmental stages of synaptic plasticity","volume":"592","author":"Lohmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"54","article-title":"Distint AMYAMPAergic\/GABAergic-mechanisms promote anxiolitic-like effects in an unpredictable stress modelof the hamster","volume":"55","author":"Mele","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.3390\/md13074418","article-title":"Four new sulfated polar steroids from the far eastern starfish Leptasterias ochotensis: Structures and activities","volume":"13","author":"Malyarenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3","article-title":"Research progress of depression and the natural antidepressant drug","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.10.041","article-title":"Fucosterol, a sterol extracted from Sargassum fusiforme, shows antidepressant and anticonvulsant effects","volume":"768","author":"Zhen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.01.073","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antitumor activity of sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum horneri","volume":"105","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.056","article-title":"Structural features and antitumor activity of a purified polysaccharideextracted from Sargassum horneri","volume":"73","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.025","article-title":"Composition and anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharides from Sargassum horneri in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"88","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2014.942459","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract from Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. agardh on lipopolysa-ccharide-stimulated macrophage activation via NF-iB pathway regulation","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11157","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503068n","article-title":"Isolation of the molecular species of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols from brown edible seaweed Sargassum horneri and their inhibitory effects on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.January.30.3","article-title":"Genetic variation of Sargassum horneri populations detected by inter-simple sequence repeats","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.037","article-title":"Protective effect of polysaccharides from Sargassum horneri against oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"68","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2015.03.001","article-title":"Antidepressant-like activity of plumbagin in unstressed and stressed mice","volume":"67","author":"Dhingra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4034-7","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depressi-on fit for purpose?","volume":"232","author":"Willner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilu026","article-title":"The ups and downs of modeling mood disorders in rodents","volume":"55","author":"Slattery","year":"2014","journal-title":"ILAS J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.12.029","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of albiflorin extracted from Radix paeoniae Alba","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.04.009","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of geniposide on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats by regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.07.001","article-title":"Neurobiology of chronic mild stress: Parallels to major depression","volume":"36","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.02.015","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of flavonoids extracted from Apocynum venetum leaves on brain monoamine levels and dopaminergic system","volume":"147","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.030","article-title":"Elevated level of nitric oxide mediates the anti-depressant effect of rubidium chloride in mice","volume":"762","author":"Kordjazy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.03.023","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of light-induced locomotor activation","volume":"95","author":"Amato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13260","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181113260","article-title":"Isosakuranetin-5-O-rutinoside: A new flavanone with antidepressant activity isolated from Salvia elegans Vahl","volume":"18","author":"Marquina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8258","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4034-14.2015","article-title":"Amphetamine action at the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter is modulated by \u03b1CaMKII","volume":"35","author":"Steinkellner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6925","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20046925","article-title":"Identification of the chemical constituents in aqueous extract of Zhi-Qiao and evaluation of itsantidepressant effect","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.04.032","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Gastrodia elata Blume in rats exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress via modulation of monoamine regulatory pathways","volume":"187","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.05.026","article-title":"Protective effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"148","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.01.042","article-title":"Role of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters in behavioral alterations observed in rodent model of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"286","author":"Dhanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00109E","article-title":"Anxiolytic and antidepressant like effects of natural food flavour (E)-methyl isoeugenol","volume":"5","author":"Fajemiroye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2012.11.008","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of lemon essential oil is through a modulation in the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in mice: Use of the tail suspension test","volume":"5","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.056","article-title":"Vanillin-induced amelioration of depression-like behaviors in rats by modulating monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain","volume":"225","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2014.01029","article-title":"Involvement of the central monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of catalpol in mice","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioSci. Trends."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4620","article-title":"Determination of \u03b2-sitosterol and total sterols content and antioxidant activity of oil in acai (Euterpe oleracea)","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2015.06.024","article-title":"Identification of beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol in Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss leaf extract using HPLC and its estrogenic effect in vitro","volume":"115","author":"Sriraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.03.034","article-title":"Involvement of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in the antidepressant-like effect of tropisetron and ondansetron in mice forced swimming test and tail suspension test","volume":"780","author":"Kordjazy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"202","article-title":"Impact of maternal melatonin suppression on forced swim and tail suspension behavioral despair tests in adult offspring","volume":"8","author":"Voiculescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/14\/7\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:59Z","timestamp":1760210699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/14\/7\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["md14070123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md14070123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]}}}