{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:44:44Z","timestamp":1790196284111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The culture supernatant of Paenibacillus sp. TKU036, a bacterium isolated from Taiwanese soils, showed high antioxidant activity (85%) when cultured in a squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium at 37 \u00b0C for three days. Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, HGA) was isolated and found to be the major antioxidant in the culture supernatant of the SPP-containing medium fermented by Paenibacillus sp. TKU036. Tryptophan was also present in the culture supernatant. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting showed that HGA and tryptophan were produced via fermentation but did not pre-exist in the unfermented SPP-containing medium. Neither HGA nor tryptophan was found in the culture supernatants obtained from the fermentation of nutrient broth or other chitinous material, i.e., medium containing shrimp head powder, by Paenibacillus sp. TKU036. The production of HGA via microorganisms has rarely been reported. In this study, we found that squid pen was a potential carbon and nitrogen source for Paenibacillus sp. Tryptophan (105 mg\/L) and HGA (60 mg\/L) were recovered from the culture supernatant. The isolated HGA was found to have higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 6.9 \u03bcg\/mL) than \u03b1-tocopherol (IC50 = 17.6 \u03bcg\/mL). The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated HGA (IC50 = 10.14 \u03bcg\/mL) was lower than that of quercetin (IC50 = 1.14 \u03bcg\/mL). As a result, squid pen, a fishery processing byproduct, is a valuable material for the production of tryptophan and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory HGA via microbial conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md14100183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T10:18:49Z","timestamp":1476267529000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Conversion of Squid Pen to Homogentisic Acid via Paenibacillus sp. TKU036 and the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Homogentisic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1384-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"San-Lang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Haur","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.L., and Liang, T.W. 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