{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:17:14Z","timestamp":1787505434800,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013CB945000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB945000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005236","name":"Chinese Universities Scientific Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015jk009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015jk009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A number of polysaccharides have been reported to show immunomodulatory and antiviral activities against various animal viruses. AEX is a polysaccharide extracted from the green algae, Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis. The aim of this study was to examine the function of AEX in regulating the immune response in chickens and its capacity to inhibit the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), to gain an understanding of its immunomodulatory and antiviral ability. Here, preliminary immunological tests in vitro showed that the polysaccharide AEX can activate the chicken peripheral blood molecular cells\u2019 (PBMCs) response by inducing the production of cytokines and NO, promote extracellular antigen presentation but negatively regulate intracellular antigen presentation in chicken splenic lymphocytes, and promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and DT40 cells. An antiviral analysis showed that AEX repressed IBDV replication by the deactivation of viral particles or by interfering with adsorption in vitro and reduced the IBDV viral titer in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. Finally, in this study, when AEX was used as an adjuvant for the IBDV vaccine, specific anti-IBDV antibody (IgY, IgM, and IgA) titers were significantly decreased. These results indicate that the polysaccharide AEX may be a potential alternative approach for anti-IBDV therapy and an immunomodulator for the poultry industry. However, more experimentation is needed to find suitable conditions for it to be used as an adjuvant for the IBDV vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md15020036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T05:27:09Z","timestamp":1486704429000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunomodulatory and Anti-IBDV Activities of the Polysaccharide AEX from Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Sumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nikken Sohonsha Corporation, Gifu 501-6255, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zandong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.3390\/md10122795","article-title":"The antiviral activities and mechanisms of marine polysaccharides: An overview","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.470","article-title":"The immunotherapeutic effects of astragalus polysaccharide in type 1 diabetic mice","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2005.09.009","article-title":"Activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by sulfated exopolysaccharide from marine microalga Gyrodinium impudicum (strain KG03): Involvement of the NF-\u03baB and JNK pathway","volume":"6","author":"Bae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-004-0404-6","article-title":"Novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from red-tide microalga Gyrodinium impudicum strain KG03 with immunostimulating activity in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Yim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.12.013","article-title":"Water-soluble polysaccharide isolated with alkali from the stem of physalis alkekengi l.: Structural characterization and immunologic enhancement in DNA vaccine","volume":"121","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.068","article-title":"Effects of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide on immune response of rabbit haemorrhagic disease tissue inactivated vaccine and on production performance of Rex rabbits","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.11.010","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effects of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide on chicks co-infected with avian leukosis virus and Bordetella avium early in ovo","volume":"96","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.09.008","article-title":"Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharides promote immune responses of recombinant Bordetella avium ompa in BALB\/c mice","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.100","article-title":"Structure and anti-dengue virus activity of sulfated polysaccharide from a marine alga","volume":"376","author":"Hidari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.12.2515","article-title":"Differential inhibitory effects of sulfated polysaccharides and polymers on the replication of various myxoviruses and retroviruses, depending on the composition of the target amino acid sequences of the viral envelope glycoproteins","volume":"35","author":"Hosoya","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.2135","article-title":"Antiviral sulfated polysaccharide from Navicula directa, a diatom collected from deep-sea water in Toyama Bay","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.02.001","article-title":"The antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides against dengue virus is dependent on virus serotype and host cell","volume":"66","author":"Talarico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2008.03.006","article-title":"Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity of HIV by polysaccharides of brown algae","volume":"62","author":"Queiroz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"15","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of inhibitory action of 911 on replication of HIV-1 in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Xin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Muto, S., Niimura, K., Oohara, M., Oguchi, Y., Matsunaga, K., Hirose, K., Kakuchi, J., Sugita, N., and Furusho, T. (1988). Polysaccharides from Marine Algae and Antiviral Drugs Containing the Same as Active Ingredients. (EP295956), Eur. Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.07.001","article-title":"Protective effect of a natural carrageenan on genital herpes simplex virus infection in mice","volume":"64","author":"Carlucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.7.5647-5651.1997","article-title":"VP5 of infectious bursal disease virus is not essential for viral replication in cell culture","volume":"71","author":"Mundt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19940013","article-title":"Infectious bursal disease","volume":"50","author":"Lasher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19860016","article-title":"Infectious bursal disease","volume":"42","author":"Abdu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450050045431","article-title":"Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: A review","volume":"29","author":"Berg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.27.2.364-367.1980","article-title":"Significance of bursa of fabricius as target organ in infectious bursal disease of chickens","volume":"27","author":"Weiss","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-69-8-1757","article-title":"Biochemistry and immunology of infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"69","author":"Kibenge","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01379645","article-title":"Bodenalgen-studien II","volume":"116","author":"Reisigl","year":"1969","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Guiry, M.D., and Guiry, G.M. Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis Reisigl. Available online: http:\/\/www.algaebase.org\/search\/species\/detail\/?species_id=H72dc4e4819414c40."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6734","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis on the ischemic stroke in a rat model","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.10861","article-title":"Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis improves learning and memory in intrinsic aging rats","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"506","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Cocoomyxa gloeobotrydifomis on benign prostate hyperplasia in aged rats and its action mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"036","article-title":"Protective mechanism of Cocoomyxa gloeobotrydifomis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model rats","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2012.710636","article-title":"Antiviral activity of acidic polysaccharides from Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformi, a green alga, against an in vitro human influenza a virus infection","volume":"35","author":"Komatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"30","article-title":"Immunomodulators: A pharmacological review","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2010.531010","article-title":"Immunoregulatory actions of polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.6.2114","article-title":"Both tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide participate in lysis of simian virus 40-transformed cells by activated macrophages","volume":"149","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9407","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.20.9407","article-title":"Nitric oxide is an important mediator for tumoricidal activity in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53940-5","article-title":"Expression of the nitric oxide synthase gene in mouse macrophages activated for tumor cell killing. Molecular basis for the synergy between interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"268","author":"Lorsbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8979","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.18.8979-8988.2002","article-title":"Inhibition of beta interferon transcription by noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus is through an interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Baigent","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01008","article-title":"Effects of Sophy \u03b2-glucan on growth performance, carcass traits, meat composition, and immunological responses of Peking ducks","volume":"90","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000231914","article-title":"Anatomical distribution of T and B lymphocytes identified by immunohistochemistry in the chicken spleen","volume":"55","author":"Hoffmannfezer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.05.012","article-title":"Immunophenotyping of chicken peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations: Individual variability and repeatability","volume":"125","author":"Fair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effect of three kinds of plant amylose on the immunity with infectious bursal disease live vccine in chickens","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hua Bei Nong Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"009","article-title":"Study on the immune-promoting effects of Astragalus polysaccharide and epimedium polysaccharide on living vaccine against IBD in chicks","volume":"2","author":"Kuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"002","article-title":"Study on active components in Echinacea-Astragalus on relieving immune suppression of IBD chickens","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dongwu Yixue Jinzhan"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.05.001","article-title":"Polysaccharide processing and presentation by the mhcii pathway","volume":"117","author":"Cobb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(95)00076-3","article-title":"(1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucans as biological response modifiers: A review of structure-functional activity relationships","volume":"28","author":"Bohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(97)00078-3","article-title":"Enhanced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase by beta-glucans in mice","volume":"19","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.02.011","article-title":"Medicinal importance of fungal beta-(1\u21923), (1\u21926)-glucans","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., Chen, X., Liu, X., Zhang, F., Hu, L., Yue, Y., Li, K., and Li, P. (2016). Characterization and comparison of the structural features, immune-modulatory and anti-avian influenza virus activities conferred by three algal sulfated polysaccharides. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14010004"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.127","article-title":"Infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunosuppression in the chick is associated with the presence of undifferentiated follicles in the recovering bursa","volume":"18","author":"Withers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-364","article-title":"Comparison of the expression of cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of the chickens following challenge with infectious bursal disease viruses of varying virulence","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.07.028","article-title":"Function of duck RIG-I in induction of antiviral response against IBDV and avian influenza virus on chicken cells","volume":"191","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.06.002","article-title":"Effect of candida albicans cell wall glucan as adjuvant for induction of autoimmune arthritis in mice","volume":"25","author":"Hida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/15\/2\/36\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:54Z","timestamp":1760207274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/15\/2\/36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["md15020036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md15020036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]}}}