{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:57:38Z","timestamp":1792036658351,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":346,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) Training Grant at University of Southern California","award":["T32 ES013678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES013678"]}]},{"name":"National INstitutes of Health (NIH) Center Grant at Emory University","award":["P30 ES019776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES019776"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"},{"name":"Public Health England (PHE)"},{"name":"University of Exeter, University College London, and the Met Office"},{"name":"the UK Medical Research Council and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["OCE-1243377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-1243377"]}]},{"name":"IOC\/UNESCO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world. It causes substantial human health, social, and economic impacts. The illness produces a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms, which may last days, weeks, or months. This paper is a general review of CFP including the human health effects of exposure to ciguatoxins (CTXs), diagnosis, human pathophysiology of CFP, treatment, detection of CTXs in fish, epidemiology of the illness, global dimensions, prevention, future directions, and recommendations for clinicians and patients. It updates and expands upon the previous review of CFP published by Friedman et al. (2008) and addresses new insights and relevant emerging global themes such as climate and environmental change, international market issues, and socioeconomic impacts of CFP. It also provides a proposed universal case definition for CFP designed to account for the variability in symptom presentation across different geographic regions. Information that is important but unchanged since the previous review has been reiterated. This article is intended for a broad audience, including resource and fishery managers, commercial and recreational fishers, public health officials, medical professionals, and other interested parties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md15030072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T11:53:52Z","timestamp":1489492432000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":318,"title":["An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Backer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5882-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Dickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Florida Poison Information Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Schrank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Kibler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA-National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Poison Information Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Gribble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bienfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanography Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Degrasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Flores Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Loeffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Weisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Poison Information Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Blythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Miami, FL 33133, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1123-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Berdalet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Ayyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Clarkson-Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Swajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Benner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0909, Australia and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin 0811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lora","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall Tr1 3HD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/md6030456","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment, prevention and management","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1021\/ja980389e","article-title":"Structure of Caribbean ciguatoxin isolated from Caranx latus","volume":"120","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.059","article-title":"Caribbean ciguatoxin profile in raw and cooked fish implicated in ciguatera","volume":"131","author":"Abraham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"598","article-title":"An examination of the epiphytic nature of Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate involved in ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"10","author":"Parsons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2011). Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance, Available online: www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation\/Seafood\/ucm2018426.htm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1986.tb139504.x","article-title":"Ciguatera in Australia. Occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management","volume":"145","author":"Gillespie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"425","article-title":"Clinical experience with I.V. Mannitol in the treatment of ciguatera","volume":"85","author":"Blythe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. (1990)"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Seret, B., and Sire, J.Y. (1997, January 3\u20138). HPLC\/mass spectrometry and HPLC\/MS\/MS methods for the detection of multiple ciguatoxins. Proceedings of the 5th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Noumea, New Caledonia."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980598h","article-title":"HPLC\/tandem electrospray mass spectrometry for the determination of sub- ppb levels of Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxins in crude extracts of fish","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/81.4.727","article-title":"A simple membrane immunobead assay for detecting ciguatoxin and related polyethers from human ciguatera intoxication and natural reef fishes","volume":"81","author":"Hokama","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"631","article-title":"Ciguatera in the French West Indies","volume":"34","author":"Vernoux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Qld. Mus."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.11.2375","article-title":"Species identification of ciguatoxin-carrying grouper implicated in food poisoning","volume":"72","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104003","article-title":"Assessing the incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning with two surveys conducted in Culebra, Puerto Rico, during 2005 and 2006","volume":"120","author":"Luber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.10.018","article-title":"Ciguatera caused by consumption of humphead wrasse","volume":"76","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.032","article-title":"Ciguatera risk management in French Polynesia: The case study of Raivavae Island (Australes archipelago)","volume":"56","author":"Chinain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.008","article-title":"Ciguatera: A public health perspective","volume":"56","author":"Dickey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00382-2","article-title":"Ciguatera: Recent advances but the risk remains","volume":"61","author":"Lehane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"236","article-title":"A review of ciguatera tropical fish poisoning with a tentative explanation of its cause","volume":"8","author":"Randall","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb26421.x","article-title":"Observations on ciguatera-type toxin in fish","volume":"90","author":"Banner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banner, A.H., Helfrich, P., and Piyakarn, T. (1966). Retention of ciguatera toxin by red snapper Lutjanus bohar. Copeia, 297\u2013298.","DOI":"10.2307\/1441137"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.03.006","article-title":"Ciguatera fish toxicity in French Polynesia: Size does not always matter","volume":"84","author":"Gaboriau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ciguatoxicity in the main Hawaiian Islands: Spatial and temporal variability in the introduced reef carnivore Cephalopholis argus","volume":"1","author":"Bienfang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.013","article-title":"Growth and toxin production in the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) in culture","volume":"56","author":"Chinain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, R.J., Inserra, M., Vetter, I., Holland, W.C., Hardison, D.R., Tester, P.A., and Litaker, R.W. (2016). Rapid extraction and identification of maitotoxin and ciguatoxin-like toxins from Caribbean and Pacific Gambierdiscus using a new functional bioassay. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160006"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00206a032","article-title":"Structures of ciguatoxin and its congener","volume":"111","author":"Murata","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00167a040","article-title":"Structures and configurations of ciguatoxin from the moray eel gymnothorax javanicus and its likely precursor from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"112","author":"Murata","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00191-2","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of Caribbean ciguatoxins from the horse-eye jack (Caranx latus)","volume":"35","author":"Vernoux","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00146-0","article-title":"Multiple ciguatoxins present in Indian Ocean reef fish","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00021a011","article-title":"Marine toxins","volume":"93","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Botana, L.M. (2008). Food Science and Technology, Taylor and Francis (CRC Press)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, M.P., Brewer, T.D., Johnstone, R., Fleming, L.E., and Lewis, R.J. (2011). Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific islands (1998 to 2008). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001416"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)80917-2","article-title":"Ciguatera (fish poisoning): Progress and perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12161","article-title":"Two clusters of ciguatera fish poisoning in Paris, France, related to tropical fish imported from the French Caribbean by travelers","volume":"21","author":"Epelboin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400220075013","article-title":"Travel and ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"152","author":"Lange","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"327","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning following travel to the tropics","volume":"35","author":"Sanner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2012.00619.x","article-title":"Outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning on a cargo ship in the port of Hamburg","volume":"19","author":"Schlaich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"19","article-title":"A case of ciguatera fish poisoning in a French traveler","volume":"13","author":"Develoux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2006.08.008","article-title":"Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Villareal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010088","article-title":"Invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans): A potential human health threat for ciguatera fish poisoning in tropical waters","volume":"12","author":"Robertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Ciguatera fish poisoning\u2014New York City, 2010\u20132011. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 62, 61\u201365."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-2-199501150-00006","article-title":"The ciguatera poisoning syndrome from farm-raised salmon","volume":"122","author":"DiNubile","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1580\/0953-9859-4.3.304","article-title":"An outbreak of ciguatera poisoning in a group of scuba divers","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wilderness Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.607461","article-title":"Ciguatera contracted by French tourists in Mauritius recurs in Senegal","volume":"49","author":"Glaizal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.07.021","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning on the West Africa coast: An emerging risk in the Canary Islands (Spain)","volume":"56","author":"Boada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Available online: http:\/\/www.freshfromFlorida.com\/Divisions-Offices\/Marketing-and-Development\/Education\/For-Researchers\/Florida-Seafood-and-Aquaculture-Overview-and-Statistics."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Available online: http:\/\/www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov\/commercial-fisheries\/commercial-landings\/annual-landings\/index."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Available online: http:\/\/www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov\/pls\/webpls\/MF_ANNUAL_LANDINGS.RESULTS."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Stinn, J.F., de Sylva, D.P., Fleming, L.E., and Hack, E. (2000, January 18\u201320). Geographical information systems and ciguatera fish poisoning in the tropical Western Atlantic region. Proceedings of the 1998 Geographic Information Systems in Public Health, 3rd National Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Chapter 2: The pre-travel consultation; counseling & advice for travelers: Food poisoning from marine toxins, CDC Health Information for International Travel."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2006, January 8\u20139). Risk characterization of ciguatera food poisoning in Europe: Framework partnership agreement. Proceedings of the Meeting of the EFSA Advisory Forum, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/AF\/160608a\/160608-p10.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lampel, K.A. (2012). Bad Bug Book, Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins, Available online: www.fda.gov\/Food\/FoodborneIllnessContaminants\/CausesOfIllnessBadBugBook\/default.htm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/md403082","article-title":"Ciguatoxins: Cyclic polyether modulators of voltage-gated ion channel function","volume":"4","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"25","article-title":"Clinical aspects of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in French Polynesia","volume":"28","author":"Bagnis","year":"1968","journal-title":"Hawaii Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.1067","article-title":"Clinical observations on 3009 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in the South Pacific","volume":"28","author":"Bagnis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.33.020182.000525","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"33","author":"Withers","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Miller, D.M. (1991). Ciguatera Seafood Toxins, Taylor and Francis (CRC Press)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658708992645","article-title":"Treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with amitriptyline and nifedipine","volume":"25","author":"Calvert","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2000.24.60","article-title":"An outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Victoria","volume":"24","author":"Ng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Schrank, K. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12851868779902","article-title":"Emerging tropical diseases in australia. Part 2. Ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"104","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.015","article-title":"Analgesic treatment of ciguatoxin-induced cold allodynia","volume":"154","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00164-6","article-title":"Ciguatera in Reunion Island (SW Indian Ocean): Epidemiology and clinical patterns","volume":"34","author":"Quod","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90268-T","article-title":"Coma due to ciguatera poisoning in Rhode-Island","volume":"95","author":"Defusco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.006","article-title":"A pilot study of the cognitive and psychological correlates of chronic ciguatera poisoning","volume":"3","author":"Arena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.03.003","article-title":"Neuropsychological study of ciguatera fish poisoning: A longitudinal case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"26","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning-the name may be difficult to remember. But if you get this disease, you\u2019ll never forget it","volume":"13","author":"Blythe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aqua Int."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Escalona De Motta, G., and De La Noceda, G. (June, January 27). Epidemiological, clinical and experimental aspects of ciguatera in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, French Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.4","article-title":"Neurology of ciguatera","volume":"70","author":"Pearn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"149","article-title":"Ten cases of ciguatera fish poisoning in Yucatan","volume":"50","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Clin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1300\/J092v02n02_03","article-title":"Chronic ciguatera: One organic cause of the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Pearn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01798.x","article-title":"Temporal trends and epidemiological aspects of ciguatera in French Polynesia: A 10-year analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dewailly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.448","article-title":"Ciguatera on Kauai: Investigation of factors associated with severity of illness","volume":"49","author":"Katz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.5.1128","article-title":"A large common-source outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"158","author":"Frenette","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-3-336","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: A major common-source outbreak in the U.S. Virgin Islands","volume":"98","author":"Engleberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310030030021","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning in Miami","volume":"244","author":"Lawrence","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.10.015","article-title":"Prevalence, symptoms and chronicity of ciguatera in New Caledonia: Results from an adult population survey conducted in Noumea during 2005","volume":"56","author":"Baumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.11.025","article-title":"Severe seafood poisoning in French Polynesia: A retrospective analysis of 129 medical files","volume":"51","author":"Gatti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1170","article-title":"Neurologic signs of ciguatera disease: Evidence of their persistence","volume":"77","author":"Beuter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.6.873","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: A double-blind randomized trial of mannitol therapy","volume":"58","author":"Schnorf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnakone, P., and Tan, C.K. (1987). Progress in Venom and Toxin Research, National University of Singapore and International Society of Toxinology."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ciguatera management","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"SPC Live Reef Fish Inf. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Hallegraeff, G.M., Blackburn, S.I., Bolch, C.J., and Lewis, R.J. (2001). Harmful Algal Blooms, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0686","article-title":"Characteristic features and contributory factors in fatal ciguatera fish poisoning-implications for prevention and public education","volume":"94","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Falconer, I. (1993). Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Schrank, K., Bernstein, J., Blythe, D., and Fleming, L.E. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.842","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic symptoms of ciguatera disease in French Polynesian adults","volume":"77","author":"Chinain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.007","article-title":"Human fatality associated with Pacific ciguatoxin contaminated fish","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"1","author":"Fleming","year":"1997","journal-title":"Shoreman\u2019s Travel Med. Mon."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.264.16.2074b","article-title":"Mother\u2019s milk turns toxic following fish feast","volume":"264","author":"Blythe","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658909038583","article-title":"Can ciguatera be a sexually transmitted disease?","volume":"27","author":"Lange","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"451","article-title":"Painful ejaculation. Something fishy","volume":"31","author":"Senthilkumaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650500514590","article-title":"Hallucinatory fish poisoning (ichthyoallyeinotoxism): Two case reports from the western mediterranean and literature review","volume":"44","author":"Pommier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1989.tb101165.x","article-title":"Ciguatera and mannitol: Experience with a new treatment regimen","volume":"151","author":"Pearn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200112000-00009","article-title":"Ciguatera poisoning: A global issue with common management problems","volume":"8","author":"Ting","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/md6030431","article-title":"Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning","volume":"6","author":"Watkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.06.005","article-title":"Brevetoxins, like ciguatoxins, are potent ichthyotoxic neurotoxins that accumulate in fish","volume":"50","author":"Naar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31816d8197","article-title":"Hysterical symptoms of ciguatera fish poisoning: A possible explanation for some of the complex and varied symptomology","volume":"70","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Tu, A.T. (1988). Handbook of Natural Toxins, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.267","article-title":"Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala","volume":"42","author":"Rodrigue","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, S., and Withers, T. (2014). Ciguatera poisoning in the Cook Islands. BMJ Case Rep.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-204847"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90022-Y","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies on ciguatera poisoning in man (part ii)","volume":"101","author":"Cameron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(89)90121-9","article-title":"Variations in symptomatology of ciguatera poisoning","volume":"27","author":"Kodama","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1191\/096032701682692928","article-title":"Chronicity of neurological features in ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.9.1012","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: Impact for the military health care provider","volume":"172","author":"Arnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"609","article-title":"Clinical aspects of ciguatera: An overview","volume":"34","author":"Ruff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Qld. Mus."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1984.tb132642.x","article-title":"Amitriptyline and ciguatera","volume":"140","author":"Bowman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2307\/1541614","article-title":"The use of the mosquito bioassay for determining the toxicity to man of ciguateric fish","volume":"172","author":"Bagnis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00161-6","article-title":"The changing face of ciguatera","volume":"39","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"89","article-title":"Neurologic complications of ciguatera","volume":"70","author":"Bagnis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique Et De Ses Filiales"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157339711102150702112236","article-title":"Editorial review: An update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology","volume":"11","author":"Yunus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"419","article-title":"Study of factors that influence the clinical response to ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"85","author":"Glaziou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. (1990)"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.03.014","article-title":"Biomonitoring of ciguatoxin exposure in mice using blood collection cards","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.10.002","article-title":"Optimization of ciguatoxin extraction method from blood for Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1)","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.05.013","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of whole blood and serum protein analysis of mice exposed to the neurotoxin Pacific ciguatoxin-1","volume":"28","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.12.013","article-title":"Repeat exposure to ciguatoxin leads to enhanced and sustained thermoregulatory, pain threshold and motor activity responses in mice: Relationship to blood ciguatoxin concentrations","volume":"246","author":"Rezvani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.02.005","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of the ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 in rats after intraperitoneal or oral administration","volume":"284","author":"Bottein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00169-X","article-title":"Ciguatoxins and brevetoxins, neurotoxic polyether compounds active on sodium channels","volume":"37","author":"Dechraoui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.06.001","article-title":"Involvement of both sodium influx and potassium efflux in ciguatoxin-induced nodal swelling of frog myelinated axons","volume":"85","author":"Mattei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"317","article-title":"Ionic mechanisms involved in the nodal swelling of myelinated axons caused by marine toxins","volume":"7","author":"Benoit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90021-X","article-title":"Effects of ciguatoxin on nerve excitability in rats (part I)","volume":"101","author":"Cameron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90195-9","article-title":"Effects of ciguatoxin on current and voltage clamped frog myelinated nerve-fiber","volume":"24","author":"Benoit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00506-4","article-title":"Nodal swelling produced by ciguatoxin-induced selective activation of sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers","volume":"71","author":"Benoit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)39735-1","article-title":"Ciguatoxin is a novel type of na+ channel toxin","volume":"259","author":"Bidard","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090034797","article-title":"Sodium channel na(v)1.6 is localized at nodes of ranvier, dendrites, and synapses","volume":"97","author":"Caldwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80252-1","article-title":"Ciguatoxin and brevetoxins share a common receptor site on the neuronal voltage-dependent na+ channel","volume":"219","author":"Lombet","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.026","article-title":"Analysis of Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 effects on frog myelinated axons and the neuromuscular junction","volume":"56","author":"Mattei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12991.x","article-title":"Ciguatoxin enhances quantal transmitter release from frog motor nerve terminals","volume":"99","author":"Molgo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.88.365","article-title":"Molecular diversity of structure and function of the voltage-gated na+ channels","volume":"88","author":"Ogata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37963-7","article-title":"Differential actions of Pacific ciguatoxin-1 on sodium channel subtypes in mammalian sensory neurons","volume":"288","author":"Strachan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.207","article-title":"Ciguatoxins activate specific cold pain pathways to elicit burning pain from cooling","volume":"31","author":"Vetter","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Botana, L.M. (2008). Food Science and Technology, Taylor and Francis (CRC Press)."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7597","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806481200","article-title":"Synthetic ciguatoxins selectively activate nav1.8-derived chimeric sodium channels expressed in hek293 cells","volume":"284","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705852","article-title":"A quantitative and comparative study of the effects of a synthetic ciguatoxin ctx3c on the kinetic properties of voltage-dependent sodium channels","volume":"142","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659309025762","article-title":"The basis of the paradoxical disturbance of temperature perception in ciguatera poisoning","volume":"31","author":"Cameron","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"McMahon, S., Koltzenburg, M., Tracey, I., and Turk, D. (2013). Wall and Melzak\u2019s Textbook of Pain, Saunders Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.161786","article-title":"Reversible corpus callosum lesion in ciguatera poisoning","volume":"80","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-013-8220-7","article-title":"Neurotoxicity and reactive astrogliosis in the anterior cingulate cortex in acute ciguatera poisoning","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroMol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"307","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning with elevated muscle enzymes and abnormal spinal MRI","volume":"39","author":"Wasay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Baden, D., Fleming, L.E., and Bean, J. (1995). Marine Toxins, Elsevier Press."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"67","article-title":"Evaluation of mannitol\u2019s efficiency in the treatment of ciguatera in French Polynesia","volume":"52","author":"Bagnis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Williamson, J.A., Fenner, P.J., Burnett, J.W., and Rifkin, J.F. (1996). Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook, South Wales Press."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"155","article-title":"Treatment of a mild chronic case of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol, a case study","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pac. Health Dialog"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720180066035","article-title":"Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol","volume":"259","author":"Palafox","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Blythe, D.G., Hack, E., Washington, G., and Fleming, L.E. (2001). Foodborne Disease Handbook, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"465","article-title":"Mannitol therapy for acute and chronic ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"34","author":"Blythe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Qld. Mus."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02032-6","article-title":"Hyperosmolar d-mannitol reverses the increased membrane excitability and the nodal swelling caused by Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 in single frog myelinated axons","volume":"847","author":"Mattei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"197","article-title":"Morphological alterations caused by ciguatoxins and brevetoxins in the frog myelinized axons: Confocal microscopic analysis","volume":"124","author":"Mattei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.04.024","article-title":"Neuroprotectant effects of iso-osmolar d-mannitol to prevent Pacific ciguatoxin-1 induced alterations in neuronal excitability: A comparison with other osmotic agents and free radical scavengers","volume":"49","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137364.x","article-title":"Symptomatic improvement of chronic fatigue with fluoxetine in ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"157","author":"Berlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607033150115","article-title":"Symptomatic improvement with amitriptyline in ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"315","author":"Davis","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103013440919","article-title":"Treatment of ciguatera poisoning with gabapentin","volume":"344","author":"Perez","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1052499","article-title":"Pregabalin to treat ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"53","author":"Brett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2011.613489","article-title":"Hypnosis to alleviate the symptoms of ciguatera toxicity: A case study","volume":"54","author":"Laser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Hypn."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3396","article-title":"A review of traditional remedies of ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific","volume":"25","author":"Matsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.05.045","article-title":"Protective effect of Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) folk remedy and its active compound, rosmarinic acid, against a Pacific ciguatoxin","volume":"143","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.14-111","article-title":"Protocol for building a reference standard sequence library for DNA-based seafood identification","volume":"97","author":"Deeds","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.1.201","article-title":"A single-laboratory validated method for the generation of DNA barcodes for the identification of fish for regulatory compliance","volume":"94","author":"Handy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199907\/08)7:4<157::AID-NT52>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Monitoring brevetoxins during a gymnodinium breve red tide: Comparison of sodium channel specific cytotoxicity assay and mouse bioassay for determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins in shellfish extracts","volume":"7","author":"Dickey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Tox."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.521","article-title":"Detection of sodium channel toxins: Directed cytotoxicity assays of purified ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, saxitoxins, and seafood extracts","volume":"78","author":"Manger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Dickey, R. (2008). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Taylor and Francis (CRC Press). [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.04.006","article-title":"Use of two detection methods to discriminate ciguatoxins from brevetoxins: Application to great barracuda from Florida Keys","volume":"46","author":"Dechraoui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.09.004","article-title":"Identification of slow and fast-acting toxins in a highly ciguatoxic barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) by HPLC\/MS and radiolabelled ligand binding","volume":"42","author":"Pottier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.SGEMcCall","article-title":"Development and utilization of a fluorescence-based receptor-binding assay for the site 5 voltage-sensitive sodium channel ligands brevetoxin and ciguatoxin","volume":"97","author":"McCall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.05.007","article-title":"Ciguatera risk assessment in two toxic sites of French Polynesia using the receptor-binding assay","volume":"50","author":"Darius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardison, D.R., Holland, W.C., McCall, J.R., Bourdelais, A.J., Baden, D.G., Darius, H.T., Chinain, M., Tester, P.A., Shea, D., and Flores Quintana, H.A. (2016). Fluorescent receptor binding assay for detecting ciguatoxins in fish. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153348"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00259-8","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of Indian Ocean ciguatoxin","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8886","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200799j","article-title":"Detailed lc-ms\/ms analysis of ciguatoxins revealing distinct regional and species characteristics in fish and causative alga from the Pacific","volume":"83","author":"Yogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.028","article-title":"Establishing a public health analytical service based on chemical methods for detecting and quantifying Pacific ciguatoxin in fish samples","volume":"56","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.10.021","article-title":"An updated ciguatoxin extraction method and silica cleanup for use with HPLC-MS\/MS for the analysis of P-CTX-1, pctx-2 and P-CTX-3","volume":"108","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200732m","article-title":"Effect of uncontrolled factors in a validated liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method question its use as a reference method for marine toxins: Major causes for concern","volume":"83","author":"Otero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4977-4","article-title":"Validation of an accelerated solvent extraction liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method for Pacific ciguatoxin-1 in fish flesh and comparison with the mouse neuroblastoma assay","volume":"400","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. BioAnal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Lewis, J., and Hallegraeff, G.M. (2004). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.752581","article-title":"Use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish: A scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia)","volume":"30","author":"Darius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.06.023","article-title":"Study of an outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"481","article-title":"Evaluation of a solid-phase immunobead assay for detection of ciguatera-related biotoxins in Caribbean finfish","volume":"34","author":"Dickey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Qld. Mus."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"5","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of commercially available test kit for ciguatera in fish","volume":"2","author":"Bienfang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Fleming, L.E., Baden, D.G., Bean, J.A., Weisman, R., and Blythe, D.G. (1998). Seafood Toxin Diseases: Issues in Epidemiology and Community Outreach, Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragelis, E.P. (1984). Ciguatera seafood poisoning, Seafood Toxins.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1984-0262"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.02.026","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning and sea surface temperatures in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies","volume":"56","author":"Tester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0676","article-title":"Ciguatera incidence in the U.S. Virgin Islands has not increased over a 30-year time period despite rising seawater temperatures","volume":"88","author":"Radke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"315","article-title":"Epidemiology of ciguatera poisoning in the Iles Saintes (Guadeloupe)","volume":"32","author":"Czernichow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0400","article-title":"Epidemiology of ciguatera in Florida","volume":"93","author":"Radke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"6","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of ciguatera in the Pacific\u2014A review","volume":"48","author":"Lewis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mar. Fish. Rev."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"326","article-title":"The epidemiology of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hawaii, 1975\u20131981","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hawaii Med. J."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063466","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning in east Asia and southeast Asia","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar Drugs."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"24","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning in hawai\u2019i and the Pacific","volume":"73","author":"Copeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hawaii J. Med. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490612100605","article-title":"Outbreak bias in illness reporting and case confirmation in ciguatera fish poisoning surveillance in South Florida","volume":"121","author":"Begier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1514","article-title":"Ciguatera and scombroid fish poisoning in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Pennotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6440a3","article-title":"Use of surveillance systems in detection of a ciguatera fish poisoning outbreak\u2014Orange County, Florida, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Klekamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"De Fouw, J.C., Van Egmond, H.P., and Speijers, G.J.A. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: A Review. Available online: www.rivm.nl\/bibliotheek\/rapporten\/388802021.html."},{"key":"ref_191","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Cluster of ciguatera fish poisoning\u2014North Carolina, 2007. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 58, 283\u2013285."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Surveillance summaries. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 49, 54\u201362."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology Surveillance Case Definitions for Select Reportable Diseases in Florida, January 2015, Available online: http:\/\/www.floridahealth.gov\/diseases-and-conditions\/disease-reporting-and-management\/disease-reporting-and-surveillance\/_documents\/case-def-archive\/2015-case-definitions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2013.07.001","article-title":"Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species diversity in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA","volume":"29","author":"Tester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701502865","article-title":"Ciguatoxin-like substances in edible fish on the Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"45","author":"Bentur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"75","article-title":"Morphological identification of two tropical dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Sinophysis in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"9","author":"Aligizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Res.-Thessaloniki"},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"8","article-title":"First record of the ciguatera causing genus Gambierdiscus in Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Nascimento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algal Blooms"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HYDR.0000020331.75003.18","article-title":"Harmful algal bloom causative collected from Hong Kong waters","volume":"512","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/pre.12074","article-title":"Characterization of Gambierdiscus and Coolia (Dinophyceae) isolates from Thailand based on morphology and phylogeny","volume":"63","author":"Tawong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2989\/AJMS.2008.30.3.8.642","article-title":"Ciguatera: The detection of neurotoxins in carnivorous reef fish from the coast of Cameroon, West Africa","volume":"30","author":"Bienfang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"20","article-title":"First report of Gambierdiscus in Moroccan Atlantic waters","volume":"50","author":"Ennaffah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae News"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050393","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning, Canary Islands","volume":"11","author":"Luzardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishimura, T., Sato, S., Tawong, W., Sakanari, H., Uehara, K., Shah, M.M., Suda, S., Yasumoto, T., Taira, Y., and Yamaguchi, H. (2013). Genetic diversity and distribution of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (dinophyceae) in coastal areas of Japan. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060882"},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration News Release 5 February 2008: FDA Advises Seafood Processors about Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Northern Gulf of Mexico near the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary: Administration Updates Guidance to Seafood Processors after Recent Illnesses, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/2008\/ucm116851.htm."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307196","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning and climate change: Analysis of national poison center data in the United States, 2001\u20132011","volume":"122","author":"Gingold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Edenhofer, O. (2014). Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-7-S2-S4","article-title":"Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"Nemr, A. (2012). Environmental Pollution and Its Relation to Climate Change, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.020","article-title":"Effects of ocean warming on growth and distribution of dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean","volume":"316","author":"Kibler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Richlen, M.L., Liefer, J.D., Robertson, A., Kulis, D., Smith, T.B., Parsons, M.L., and Anderson, D.M. (2016). Influence of environmental variables on Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) growth and distribution. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153197"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-0992.1999.09903.x","article-title":"Ciguatera (fish poisoning), El Ni\u00f1o, and Pacific sea surface temperatures","volume":"5","author":"Hales","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2009.02139.x","article-title":"Did ciguatera prompt the late holocene polynesian voyages of discovery?","volume":"36","author":"Rongo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.08.011","article-title":"Revisiting the association between sea surface temperature and the epidemiology of fish poisoning in the South Pacific: Reassessing the link between ciguatera and climate change","volume":"56","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"427","article-title":"Socioeconomic impacts and management ciguatera in the Pacific","volume":"85","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. (1990)"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v51i2.16324","article-title":"Direct effects of co2 concentration on growth and isotopic composition of marine plankton","volume":"51","author":"Riebesell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/425365a","article-title":"Oceanography: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH","volume":"425","author":"Caldeira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_218","first-page":"C9","article-title":"Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to atmosphere and ocean","volume":"110","author":"Caldeira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097329","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic co2 on the caco3 system in the oceans","volume":"305","author":"Feely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804478105","article-title":"Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders","volume":"105","author":"Anthony","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04095","article-title":"Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms","volume":"437","author":"Orr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-041911-111611","article-title":"Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems","volume":"4","author":"Doney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1855","article-title":"Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water","volume":"3","author":"Inoue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"85","article-title":"Inorganic carbon acquisition by carbon isotope records from Pacific surface waters marine autotrophs. Advances in botanical research and atmospheric carbon dioxide","volume":"27","author":"Raven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.6.1378","article-title":"CO2 and HCO3\u2212 uptake in marine diatoms acclimated to different CO2 concentrations","volume":"46","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/meps236037","article-title":"CO2 effects on taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblage","volume":"236","author":"Tortell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00597.x","article-title":"Increase of atmospheric CO2 promotes phytoplankton productivity","volume":"7","author":"Schippers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3354\/meps086181","article-title":"Co-occurrence of dinoflagellate blooms and high pH in marine enclosures","volume":"86","author":"Hinga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/18.8.1427","article-title":"Acclimation to low light intensity in photosynthesis and growth of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle, a neurotoxigenic diatom","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps273001","article-title":"Effect of pH on growth and domoic acid production by potentially toxic diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia","volume":"273","author":"Lundholm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3354\/meps334063","article-title":"Growth limitation in marine red-tide dinoflagellates: Effects of pH versus inorganic carbon availability","volume":"334","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.07.009","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future","volume":"49","author":"Wells","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_233","unstructured":"Carlson, R.D. (1984). The Distribution, Periodicity, and Culture of Benthic\/Epiphytic Dinoflagellates in a Ciguatera Endemic Region of the Caribbean. [Ph.D. Thesis, Southern Illinois University]."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90116-O","article-title":"Toxicity of australian and French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae) grown in culture: Characterization of a new type of maitotoxin","volume":"28","author":"Holmes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_235","unstructured":"Anderson, D.M., White, A.W., and Baden, D.G. (1985). Toxic Dinoflagellates, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08854","article-title":"Effects of depth, habitat, and water motion on the abundance and distribution of ciguatera dinoflagellates at johnston atoll, Pacific Ocean","volume":"421","author":"Richlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_237","first-page":"523","article-title":"Test of the effect of disturbance on ciguatera in Tuvalu","volume":"34","author":"Kaly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Qld. Mus."},{"key":"ref_238","unstructured":"Hokama, Y., Scheuer, P.J., and Yasumoto, T. (1994, January 8\u201310). The effects of monosaccharides and natural marine products on the growth of Gambierdiscus toxicus in vitro. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ciguatera and Marine Natural Products, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"11","article-title":"Benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages in a fringing reef of sampadi island, sarawak, malaysia","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Res. Indones."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.45.395","article-title":"Ecological survey on a dinoflagellate possibly responsible for the induction of ciguatera","volume":"45","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.46.1397","article-title":"Environmental studies on a toxic dinoflagellate (Gambierdiscus toxicus) responsible for ciguatera","volume":"46","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish."},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"417","article-title":"Seasonal abundance of Gambierdiscus toxicus and Ostreopsis sp. in coastal waters of southwest Puerto Rico","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Gabrie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(94)90224-0","article-title":"Ecology of ciguateric dinoflagellates in the coral-reef complex of Mayotte Island (SW Indian Ocean)","volume":"178","author":"Grzebyk","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11310","article-title":"Effects of grazing, nutrients, and depth on the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus in the U.S. Virgin Islands","volume":"531","author":"Loeffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.2013.870220","article-title":"Gambierdiscus cf. yasumotoi (Dinophyceae) isolated from New Zealand\u2019s sub-tropical northern coastal waters","volume":"48","author":"Rhodes","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.05.006","article-title":"Nitrogen source effects on the growth and toxicity of two strains of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"8","author":"Lartigue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"20","article-title":"Inorganic nutrient contents and Gambierdiscus toxicus distribution in the coastal waters of Papua New Guinea","volume":"20","author":"Inoue","year":"1990","journal-title":"Occas. Pap."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21829\/abm107.2014.204","article-title":"Seasonal changes in epiphytic dinoflagellate assemblages near the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Gulf of Mexico","volume":"107","author":"Okolodkov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Mex."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"69","article-title":"Toxicus adachi y fukuyo, en el litoral norte de ciudad de La Habana","volume":"21","author":"Popowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Mar"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00004993","article-title":"Dead bleached coral provides new surfaces for dinoflagellates implicated in ciguatera fish poisonings","volume":"35","author":"Kohler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1835.1996.tb00385.x","article-title":"The role of macroalgae in epiphytism of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae)","volume":"44","author":"Nakahara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/1541896","article-title":"Assessment of ciguatera dinoflagellate populations\u2014Sample variability and algal substrate selection","volume":"175","author":"Lobel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2014.06.009","article-title":"Sampling harmful benthic dinoflagellates: Comparison of artificial and natural substrate methods","volume":"39","author":"Tester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-28-3-360.1","article-title":"Epiphytism of dinoflagellates associated with the disease ciguatera\u2014Substrate-specificity and nutrition","volume":"28","author":"Bomber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_255","first-page":"423","article-title":"The distribution of the dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus in the eastern Caribbean","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Gabrie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress"},{"key":"ref_256","unstructured":"Stefanon, A., and Flemming, N.J. An underwater survey of the organism chirefly responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning in the eastern Caribbean region: The benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Proceedings of the Seventh International Diving Science Symposium."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v54i2.13870","article-title":"Epiphytic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera in the Northwestern coast of cuba","volume":"54","author":"Delgado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_258","first-page":"899","article-title":"Survey of toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates from the Belizean barrier reef ecosystem","volume":"61","author":"Morton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3354\/ame047223","article-title":"Seasonal changes of benthic and epiphytic dinoflagellates in the Veracruz reef zone, Gulf of Mexico","volume":"47","author":"Okolodkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2007.01.001","article-title":"A survey of epiphytic dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of the island of Hawaii","volume":"6","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x","article-title":"Use of cell-specific pam-fluorometry to characterize host shading in the epiphytic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"23","author":"Villareal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_262","unstructured":"Adachi, M., Yoshimatsu, T., Iwamoto, H., Nishimura, T., and Yamaguchi, H. (November, January 29). Effect of temperature change on the dominant species of Gambierdiscus in Japan\u2014From a non-toxic species to a toxic species. Abstract. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Gyeongnam, Korea."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050623","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae), the causative agent of ciguatera in Tahiti, French Polynesia","volume":"135","author":"Chinain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2005.03.003","article-title":"Seawater temperature, Gambierdiscus spp. Variability and incidence of ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia","volume":"4","author":"Chinain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_265","unstructured":"Calumpong, H.P., and Menez, E.G. (1992, January 6\u20138). The culture of three dinoflagellate species associated with ciguatera. Proceedings of the 2nd RP-USA Phycology Symposium\/Workshop, Dumaguete City, Philippines."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90320-0","article-title":"Seasonal frequency of ciguatoxin barracuda in southwest Puerto Rico","volume":"26","author":"Tosteson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(88)90193-1","article-title":"Population dynamics and toxicity of natural populations of benthic dinoflagellates in southwest Puerto Rico","volume":"119","author":"Ballantine","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2216\/15-111.1","article-title":"Temperature and salinity effects and toxicity of Gambierdiscus caribaeus (Dinophyceae) from Thailand","volume":"55","author":"Tawong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(88)90189-X","article-title":"Roles of temperature salinity and light in seasonality growth and toxicity of ciguatera-causing Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo Dinophyceae","volume":"115","author":"Bomber","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.04.007","article-title":"Growth of eight Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species: Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance","volume":"19","author":"Kibler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(92)90076-M","article-title":"Effect of temperature, salinity and light intensity on the growth and seasonality of toxic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera","volume":"157","author":"Morton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2010.07.002","article-title":"A simple model capable of simulating the population dynamics of Gambierdiscus, the benthic dinoflagellate responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"10","author":"Parsons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_273","first-page":"449","article-title":"Toxin production, nutrition, and distribution of Gambierdiscus toxicus (Hawaiian strain)","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Gomez","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2010.11.005","article-title":"Ciguatera poisoning in Rarotonga, southern Cook Islands","volume":"10","author":"Rongo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/08920750600860233","article-title":"Cost scenarios for coastal water pollution in a small island nation: A case study from the Cook Islands","volume":"34","author":"Hajkowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.08.003","article-title":"Socioeconomic consequences of ciguatera poisoning in Rarotonga, southern Cook Islands","volume":"20","author":"Rongo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_277","first-page":"139-AGFD","article-title":"Ciguatera in the island Pacific\u2014Implications for resource development","volume":"186","author":"Lewis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_278","first-page":"146","article-title":"Ciguatera implications for nutrition and resource development in the Pacific islands","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pac. Sci. Congr. Proc."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, D.M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y., and White, A.W. (2000). Estimated Annual Economic Impacts from Harmful Algal Blooms in the United States, Whoi-2000\u20132011, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.","DOI":"10.1575\/1912\/96"},{"key":"ref_280","unstructured":"Tosteson, T.R. (May, January 30). Public health, epidemiological and socioeconomic patterns of ciguatera in Tahiti. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, La Parguera, Puerto Rico."},{"key":"ref_281","unstructured":"Hajkowicz, S., and Okotai, P. (2006). An Economic Valuation of Watershed Pollution in Rarotonga, the Cook Islands."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.16.2.1058","article-title":"Seafood-associated diseases and control in Canada","volume":"16","author":"Todd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_283","unstructured":"Tosteson, T.R. (May, January 30). How ciguatera affects Canadians. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, La Parguera, Puerto Rico."},{"key":"ref_284","first-page":"14","article-title":"Identification and epidemiologic analysis of ciguatera cases in puerto-rico","volume":"48","author":"Demotta","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mar. Fish. Rev."},{"key":"ref_285","unstructured":"Carballo, G.A., Pineda, J.E.M., and Miranda, G.D. (2009). La Ciguatera un Riesgo Potencial para la Salud Humana: Preguntas Frecuentes, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Sede Caribe)."},{"key":"ref_286","first-page":"287","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n de literatura sobre la vigilancia epidemiol\u00f3gica de la ciguatera, Colombia, 2011","volume":"16","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inferme Quincenal Epidemiologico Nacional"},{"key":"ref_287","unstructured":"Tosteson, T.R. (May, January 30). Ciguatera: Clinical, epidemiological and anthropological aspects. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, La Parguera, Puerto Rico."},{"key":"ref_288","unstructured":"Morrison, K.E., Prieto, P.A., Dominguez, A.C., and Waltner-Toews, D. (2005, January 19\u201323). An ecosystem approach to ciguatera fish poisoning in Cuba: Preliminary results. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2005 MTS\/IEEE, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.08.020","article-title":"Prevalence and proposal for cost-effective management of the ciguatera risk in the noumea fish market, New Caledonia (South Pacific)","volume":"58","author":"Clua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02804908","article-title":"The economic effects of harmful algal blooms in the United States: Estimates, assessment issues, and information needs","volume":"25","author":"Hoagland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_291","first-page":"41","article-title":"Ecology and impacts of ciguatera on coral reef ecosystems","volume":"Volume 26","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Environmental Research"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(86)90255-8","article-title":"Disease and development: Ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_293","unstructured":"FAO (2014). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/243\/a-i3720e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_294","unstructured":"FAO Faostat Database 2014. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#home."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125014","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/12\/125014","article-title":"Structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network","volume":"10","author":"Gephart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_296","unstructured":"United Nations World Tourist Organization (UNWTO) World Tourism Barometer. Available online: http:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/toc\/wtobarometereng\/14\/12."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tester, P.A., Feldman, R.L., Nau, A.W., Faust, M.A., and Litaker, R.W. (2009). Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.01960768.38.301"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2015.05.006","article-title":"Species identification in fish fillet products using DNA barcoding","volume":"170","author":"Marchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.03.007","article-title":"Unmasking seafood mislabeling in U.S. Markets: DNA barcoding as a unique technology for food authentication and quality control","volume":"56","author":"Khaksar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2011.588217","article-title":"Fish-bol and seafood identification: Geographically dispersed case studies reveal systemic market substitution across Canada","volume":"22","author":"Hanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2011.00426.x","article-title":"Seafood mislabelling: Comparisons of two western European case studies assist in defining influencing factors, mechanisms and motives","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1890\/090212","article-title":"Smoke, mirrors, and mislabeled cod: Poor transparency in the European seafood industry","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2007.06.007","article-title":"Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood","volume":"32","author":"Jacquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.11.007","article-title":"Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives","volume":"39","author":"Aung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-007-0302-8","article-title":"Challenges in the traceability of seafood","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Verbraucherschutz Lebensm."},{"key":"ref_306","unstructured":"Walsh, P.J., Smith, S.L., Fleming, L.E., Solo-Gabriele, H., and Gerwick, W.H. (2008). Oceans and Human Health: Risks and Remedies from the Sea, Elsevier Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_307","unstructured":"SEAFISH, the Authority on Seafood. Available online: http:\/\/www.seafish.org\/industry-support\/legislation\/traceability-and-labelling."},{"key":"ref_308","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Commission implementing regulation (eu) no 1420\/2013 of 17 December 2013 repealing regulations (ec) no 347\/96, (ec) no 1924\/2000, (ec) no 1925\/2000, (ec) no 2508\/2000, (ec) no 2509\/2000, (ec) no 2813\/2000, (ec) no 2814\/2000, (ec) no 150\/2001, (ec) no 939\/2001, (ec) no 1813\/2001, (ec) no 2065\/2001, (ec) no 2183\/2001, (ec) no 2318\/2001, (ec) no 2493\/2001, (ec) no 2306\/2002, (ec) no 802\/2006, (ec) no 2003\/2006, (ec) no 696\/2008 and (ec) no 248\/2009 following the adoption of regulation (eu) no 1379\/2013 of the european parliament and of the council on the common organisation of the markets in fishery and aquaculture products. Off. J. Eur. Union, 56, 48\u201350. Available online: https:\/\/www.fsai.ie\/uploadedFiles\/Reg1420_2013.pdf."},{"key":"ref_309","unstructured":"European Commission (2001). Commission regulation No 2065\/2001 of 22 October 2001 laying down detailed rules for the application of council regulation (ec) No 104\/2000 as regards informing consumers about fishery and aquaculture products. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 44, 6\u20138. Available online: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32001R32065&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_310","unstructured":"Upton, H.F. Seafood fraud. Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, 2015. Available online: http:\/\/nationalaglawcenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/crs\/RL34124.pdf."},{"key":"ref_311","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Available online: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/fdcc\/?set=seafoodlist."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.12.011","article-title":"Literature review: Does a common theoretical framework to implement food traceability exist?","volume":"32","author":"Karlsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.05.005","article-title":"Food traceability: New trends and recent advances: A review","volume":"57","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_314","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation\/ucm375214.htm."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-008-0188-7","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning in La Habana, Cuba: A study of local social-ecological resilience","volume":"5","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_316","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: www.cdc.gov\/nors\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_317","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/fdoss\/data\/annual-summaries\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_318","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: www.cdc.gov\/habs\/ohhabs.html."},{"key":"ref_319","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health, Available online: http:\/\/www.Floridahealth.gov\/diseases-and-conditions\/food-and-waterborne-disease\/online-food-complaint-form.html."},{"key":"ref_320","unstructured":"Florida\u2019s Poison Information Centers. Available online: www.Floridapoisoncontrol.org."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6102989","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berdalet, E., Fleming, L.E., Gowen, R., Davidson, K., Hess, P., Backer, L.C., Moore, S.K., Hoagland, P., and Enevoldsen, H. (2015). Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: Challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 2015.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315415001733"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3390\/md13031175","article-title":"Emergence and epidemiology of ciguatera in the coastal cities of southern china","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs."},{"key":"ref_324","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/ciguatera\/default.htm."},{"key":"ref_325","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/ciguatera\/fish.htm."},{"key":"ref_326","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Available online: www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation\/Seafood\/ucm2018426.htm."},{"key":"ref_327","unstructured":"State of Hawaii Department of Health Disease Outbreak Control Division, Available online: http:\/\/health.Hawaii.gov\/docd\/dib\/disease\/ciguatera-fish-poisoning\/."},{"key":"ref_328","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health, Available online: http:\/\/www.Floridahealth.gov\/environmental-health\/aquatic-toxins\/ciguatera-facts-card-2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_329","unstructured":"Institut Louis Malard\u00e9 Ciguatera-Online. Available online: http:\/\/www.ciguatera-online.com\/index.php\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/md504208","article-title":"Evaluation of harmful algal bloom outreach activities","volume":"5","author":"Fleming","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_331","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/phe\/chemical_safety\/poisons_centres\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0434","article-title":"Ciguatoxic potential of brown-marbled grouper in relation to fish size and geographical origin","volume":"93","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002575","article-title":"Critical issues in the development of health information systems in supporting environmental health: A case study of ciguatera","volume":"119","author":"Goater","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.64.2.129-134","article-title":"Harmful algal bloom-associated marine toxins: A risk assessment framework","volume":"64","author":"Krahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_335","first-page":"50","article-title":"Detection of ciguatera fish poisoning in the philippines","volume":"16","author":"Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Manag."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, J.C., Wu, Q., and Shoemaker, R.C. (2015). Transcriptomic signatures in whole blood of patients who acquire a chronic inflammatory response syndrome (cirs) following an exposure to the marine toxin ciguatoxin 15. BMC Med. Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-015-0089-x"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.05.007","article-title":"Defining the neurotoxin derived illness chronic ciguatera using markers of chronic systemic inflammatory disturbances: A case\/control study","volume":"32","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20217","article-title":"Acute phase phospholipids related to the cardiolipin of mitochondria in the sera of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), and other diseases attributed to chemicals, gulf war, and marine toxins","volume":"22","author":"Hokama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.02.017","article-title":"Use of monoclonal antibodies as an effective strategy for treatment of ciguatera poisoning","volume":"53","author":"Inoue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.01.022","article-title":"A handheld sensor assay for the identification of grouper as a safeguard against seafood mislabeling fraud","volume":"53","author":"Ulrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.09.036","article-title":"DNA barcoding as a new tool for food traceability","volume":"50","author":"Galimberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_342","first-page":"421","article-title":"From paper trails to DNA barcodes: Enhancing traceability in forest and fishery certification","volume":"52","author":"Migone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2012.10.026","article-title":"The new conceptual framework for food supply chain assessment","volume":"115","author":"Manzini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_344","unstructured":"Berdalet, E., Kudela, R., Urban, E., Enevoldsen, H., Banas, N.S., Mackenzie, L., Montresor, M., Burford, M., Gobler, C., and Karlson, B. (2015). Globalhab: New program to promote international research, observations, and modeling of harmful algal blooms in aquatic systems. Oceanography, in press."},{"key":"ref_345","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Available online: http:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/gbd."},{"key":"ref_346","unstructured":"One Health Initiative. Available online: http:\/\/onehealthinitiative.com\/."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/15\/3\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:30:25Z","timestamp":1760207425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/15\/3\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]]},"references-count":346,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["md15030072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md15030072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]]}}}