{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T16:00:33Z","timestamp":1760889633454,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]],"date-time":"2018-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MET-10-0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MET-10-0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inducing testosterone deficiency, as the standard treatment of prostate cancer, may cause metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. This study measured responses to testosterone deficiency in high-carbohydrate, high-fat (H) diet-fed rats. We then tested whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)\/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ethyl esters (Omacor) reversed these metabolic changes. Male Wistar rats (8\u20139 weeks old) were divided into eight groups with four groups fed corn starch and four groups fed H diet. For each diet, one group received diet only; one group was orchidectomized; one group was given leuprolide (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, 2 mg\/kg every 4th week); and the last group was treated with leuprolide and their diet was supplemented with 3% Omacor for the last eight weeks. The protocol was for 16 weeks. Leuprolide worsened metabolic syndrome symptoms and cardiovascular function, and orchidectomy produced greater responses. In H fed leuprolide-treated rats, Omacor decreased systolic blood pressure and left ventricular diastolic stiffness, reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen deposition in the heart, and reduced lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration without improving liver damage. These results suggest that Omacor has potential to attenuate metabolic complications in prostate cancer patients with induced testosterone deprivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md16060182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]],"date-time":"2018-05-24T07:54:01Z","timestamp":1527148441000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Attenuation of Metabolic Syndrome by EPA\/DHA Ethyl Esters in Testosterone-Deficient Obese Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nikhil S.","family":"Bhandarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods Research Group, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senthil Arun","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods Research Group, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarad","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah NSW 2298, Australia"},{"name":"Genesis Cancer Care, Lake Macquarie Private Hospital, Gateshead NSW 2290, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7837-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"},{"name":"Functional Foods Research Group, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil K.","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods Research Group, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12229","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: A closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. 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