{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:03:30Z","timestamp":1790208210143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal polyps (NPs) are a multifactorial disorder associated with a chronic inflammatory state of the nasal mucosa. Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a characteristic orange carotenoid obtained from brown algae and has diverse immunological properties. The present study investigated whether Fx inhibits fibrosis-related effects in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and elucidated the molecular signaling pathways involved. The production of collagen type I (Col-1) was investigated in NP tissue via immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. NPDFs were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 (1 ng\/mL) in the presence or absence of Fx (5\u201330 \u00b5M). The levels of \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA), Col-1, and phosphorylated (p)-Smad 2\/3, signal protein-1 (SP-1), MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), and Akt were measured by western blot analysis. The expression of Col-1 was detected in NP tissues. TGF-\u03b21 stimulated the production of \u03b1-SMA and Col-1, and stimulated the contraction of collagen gel. However, pretreatment with Fx attenuated these effects. Furthermore, these inhibitory effects were mediated through modulation of both Smad 2\/3 and Akt\/SP-1 signaling pathways in TGF-\u03b21-induced NPDFs. The results from the present study suggest that Fx may be a novel anti-fibrotic agent for the treatment of NP formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T10:28:57Z","timestamp":1536575337000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fucoxanthin Inhibits Myofibroblast Differentiation and Extracellular Matrix Production in Nasal Polyp-Derived Fibroblasts via Modulation of Smad-Dependent and Smad-Independent Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Sung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Kook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Sik","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1615-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Kyo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3958-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il-Whan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000337460","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in transforming growth factor beta1-induced alpha smooth-muscle actin and collagen production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts","volume":"159","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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