{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:18:38Z","timestamp":1772162318567,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant No. 81773629 and No. 21502170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant No. 81773629 and No. 21502170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant No. LQ16H300001 and No. LQ18B060004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant No. LQ16H300001 and No. LQ18B060004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the antitumor mechanism of Anthopleura anjunae oligopeptide (AAP-H, YVPGP) in prostate cancer DU-145 cells in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that AAP-H was nontoxic and exhibited antitumor activities. Cell cycle analysis indicated that AAP-H may arrest DU-145 cells in the S phase. The role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/protein kinase B\/mammalian rapamycin target protein (PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR) signaling pathway in the antitumor mechanism of APP-H was investigated. Results showed that AAP-H treatment led to dose-dependent reduction in the levels of p-AKT (Ser473), p-PI3K (p85), and p-mTOR (Ser2448), whereas t-AKT and t-PI3K levels remained unaltered compared to the untreated DU-145 cells. Inhibition of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in the DU-145 cells by employing inhibitor LY294002 (10 \u03bcM) or rapamycin (20 nM) effectively attenuated AAP-H-induced phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. At the same time, inhibitor addition further elevated AAP-H-induced cleaved-caspase-3 levels. Furthermore, the effect of AAP-H on tumor growth and the role of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in nude mouse model were also investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that activated AKT, PI3K, and mTOR levels were reduced in DU-145 xenografts. Western blotting showed that AAP-H treatment resulted in dose-dependent reduction in p-AKT (Ser473), p-PI3K (p85), and p-mTOR (Ser2448) levels, whereas t-AKT and t-PI3K levels remained unaltered. Similarly, Bcl-xL levels decreased, whereas that of Bax increased after AAP-H treatment. AAP-H also increased initiator (caspase 8 and 9) and executor caspase (caspase 3 and 7) levels. Therefore, the antitumor mechanism of APP-H on DU-145 cells may involve regulation of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway, which eventually promotes apoptosis via mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. Thus, the hydrophobic oligopeptide (YVPGP) can be developed as an adjuvant for the prevention or treatment of prostate cancer in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T11:40:02Z","timestamp":1536666002000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Inhibition of Prostate Cancer DU-145 Cells Proliferation by Anthopleura anjunae Oligopeptide (YVPGP) via PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangmiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Zhejiang Ocean University Donghai Science and Technology College, Zhoushan 316000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuisu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guofang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institution, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383001","article-title":"Exploring marine resources for bioactive compounds","volume":"80","author":"Kiuru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.333.4.2","article-title":"Marine natural products as anticancer drugs","volume":"4","author":"Simmons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. 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