{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:12:48Z","timestamp":1778703168491,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]],"date-time":"2018-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, snakebites have serious implications for human health. The administration of antivenom is the official treatment used to reverse the toxic activities of envenomation. However, this therapy is not efficient to treat the local effects, leading to the amputation or deformity of affected limbs. As such, alternative treatments are needed. Here, we analyze the ability of a polysaccharide from the green marine alga Gayralia oxysperma (Go3) to inhibit the effects of venom from Bothrops jararaca and Lachesis muta. B. jararaca or L. muta venoms were incubated together with sulfated heterorhamnans from Go3, and the in vitro (coagulation, proteolytic, and hemolytic) and in vivo (hemorrhagic, myotoxic, edematogenic, and lethal) activities of venoms were assessed. Additionally, Go3 was injected before and after the injection of venoms, and the toxic activities were further tested. When incubated with the venoms, Go3 inhibited all activities, though results varied with different potencies. Moreover, Go3 neutralized hemorrhagic, myotoxic, and edematogenic activities when injected before or after injection with B. jararaca and L. muta venom. Go3 also blocked the coagulation of plasma in mice caused by the venoms in an ex vivo test. Therefore, Go3 has the potential to be used as antivenom for B. jararaca and L. muta bites, notably exhibiting higher efficacy on L. muta venom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md16110412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T11:10:41Z","timestamp":1540811441000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Potential Utilization of a Polysaccharide from the Marine Algae Gayralia oxysperma, as an Antivenom for Viperidae Snakebites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia Rodrigues","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia Rabello","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Daniel","family":"Noseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Garcia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Emanuela Fogari","family":"Cassolato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eladio Flores","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms, Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5265-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Lopes","family":"Fuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61754-2","article-title":"Snake bite","volume":"375","author":"Warrel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61159-4","article-title":"The Global Snake Bite Initiative: An antidote for snake bite","volume":"375","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.11.011","article-title":"Venomics and antivenomics of Bothrops erythromelas from five geographic populations within the Caatinga ecoregion of northeastern Brazil","volume":"114","author":"Jeane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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