{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:07:49Z","timestamp":1770901669195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Historical records of ciguatera in Mexico date back to 1862. This review, including references and epidemiological reports, documents 464 cases during 25 events from 1984 to 2013: 240 (51.72%) in Baja California Sur, 163 (35.12%) in Quintana Roo, 45 (9.69%) in Yucatan, and 16 (3.44%) cases of Mexican tourists intoxicated in Cuba. Carnivorous fish, such as snapper (Lutjanus) and grouper (Epinephelus and Mycteroperca) in the Pacific Ocean, and great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) and snapper (Lutjanus) in the Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea), were involved in all cases. In the Mexican Caribbean, a sub-record of ciguatera cases that occurred before 1984 exists. However, the number of intoxications has increased in recent years, and this food poisoning is poorly studied in the region. Current records suggest that ciguatera fish poisoning in humans is the second most prevalent form of seafood poisoning in Mexico, only exceeded by paralytic shellfish poisoning (505 cases, 21 fatalities in the same 34-year period). In this study, the status of ciguatera in Mexico (epidemiological and treatment), and the fish vectors are reviewed. Dinoflagellate species Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum are related with the reported outbreaks, marine toxins, ecological risk, and the potential toxicological impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T11:52:42Z","timestamp":1545997962000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ciguatera in Mexico (1984\u20132013)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Erick J.","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), A. P. 128., La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"},{"name":"Investigaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo A. C. (INCODE), Nayarit 1325-A, Las Garzas, La Paz C. P. 23079, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Almaz\u00e1n-Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de Yucat\u00e1n (CICY), Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, (UCIA), Calle 8, No. 39, Mz. 29, S. M. 64, Canc\u00fan C. P. 77524, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), A. P. 128., La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Heredia-Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Investigaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo A. C. (INCODE), Nayarit 1325-A, Las Garzas, La Paz C. P. 23079, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2087-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco E.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), A. P. 128., La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine J.","family":"Band-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s\/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Bustillos-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), A. P. 128., La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3835-183X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"G\u00e1rate-Liz\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s\/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada C. P. 22860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar A.","family":"Salinas-Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), A. P. 128., La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amaury","family":"Cordero-Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), A. P. 128., La Paz C. P. 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/15569549609064079","article-title":"Chemistry, etiology and determination methods of Ciguatera toxins","volume":"15","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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