{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:43:16Z","timestamp":1790779396117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fucoidan is a natural derived compound found in different species of brown algae and in some animals, that has gained attention for its anticancer properties. However, the exact mechanism of action is currently unknown. Therefore, this review will address fucoidans structure, the bioavailability, and all known different pathways affected by fucoidan, in order to formulate fucoidans structure and activity in relation to its anti-cancer mechanisms. The general bioactivity of fucoidan is difficult to establish due to factors like species-related structural diversity, growth conditions, and the extraction method. The main pathways influenced by fucoidan are the PI3K\/AKT, the MAPK pathway, and the caspase pathway. PTEN seems to be important in the fucoidan-mediated effect on the AKT pathway. Furthermore, the interaction with VEGF, BMP, TGF-\u03b2, and estrogen receptors are discussed. Also, fucoidan as an adjunct seems to have beneficial effects, for both the enhanced effectiveness of chemotherapy and reduced toxicity in healthy cells. In conclusion, the multipotent character of fucoidan is promising in future anti-cancer treatment. However, there is a need for more specified studies of the structure\u2013activity relationship of fucoidan from the most promising seaweed species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1547090551000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":318,"title":["Fucoidan Structure and Activity in Relation to Anti-Cancer Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Geert","family":"Van Weelden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, (Medical) Biology, Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Bobi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Ok\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem Jan","family":"Van Weelden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna M. A.","family":"Pijnenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Novel Plant Extracts from Trailliaedoxa gracilis (W. W. Smith & Forrest) in Human Carcinoid KRJ-I Cells","volume":"30","author":"Svejda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.948436","article-title":"Structure and hypolipidaemic activity of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum henslowianum","volume":"29","author":"Cuong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. 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