{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:08:58Z","timestamp":1787065738426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with Helicobacter pylori is a critical cause of gastrointestinal diseases. A crucial host response associated with H. pylori infection includes gastric inflammation, which is characterized by a sustained recruitment of T-helper (Th) cells to the site of infection and distinct patterns of cytokine production. Adequate nutritional status, especially frequent consumption of dietary antioxidants, appears to protect against infection with H. pylori. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether astaxanthin (AXT) from shrimp cephalothorax may modulate cytokine release of splenocytes in H. pylori-infected mice (n = 60). Six- to eight-week-old female mice were divided into three groups (n = 20 per group) to receive a daily oral dose of 10 or 40 mg of AXT for six weeks. After six weeks, a trend toward interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) upregulation was found (40 mg; p &lt; 0.05) and a significant dose-dependent increase of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-10 (both p &lt; 0.05) was observed. These results suggest that AXT induces higher levels of IL-2 and a shift to a balanced Th1\/Th2 response by increasing IFN-\u03b3 and augmenting IL-10. We concluded that AXT may influence the pattern of cytokines during H. pylori infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T02:43:41Z","timestamp":1561603421000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Astaxanthin from Shrimp Cephalothorax Stimulates the Immune Response by Enhancing IFN-\u03b3, IL-10, and IL-2 Secretion in Splenocytes of Helicobacter Pylori-Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2578-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Davinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi Mikkelsen","family":"Melvang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif Percival","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scapagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5044-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Engelbrecht","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, FB Dermatology Ltd., Borupvang 5C, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20925","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori persistence: Biology and disease","volume":"113","author":"Blaser","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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