{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:21:08Z","timestamp":1789204868910,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17122009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17122009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanothece sp., a coccoid, unicellular, nitrogen-fixing and hydrogen-producing cyanobacterium, has been used in this study to biosynthesize customized gold nanoparticles under certain chemical conditions. The produced gold nanoparticles had a characteristic absorption band at 525\u2013535 nm. Two types of gold nanoparticle, the purple and blue, were formed according to the chemical environment in which the cyanobacterium was grown. Dynamic light scattering was implemented to estimate the size of the purple and blue nanoparticles, which ranged from 80 \u00b1 30 nm and 129 \u00b1 40 nm in diameter, respectively. The highest scattering of laser light was recorded for the blue gold nanoparticles, which was possibly due to their larger size and higher concentration. The appearance of anodic and cathodic peaks in cyclic voltammetric scans of the blue gold nanoparticles reflected the oxidation into gold oxide, followed by the subsequent reduction into the nano metal state. The two produced forms of gold nanoparticles were used to treat isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats. Both forms of nanoparticles ameliorated myocardial infarction injury, with a slight difference in their curative activity with the purple being more effective. Mechanisms that might explain the curative effect of these nanoparticles on the myocardial infarction were proposed. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes of the Cyanothece sp. cyanobacterium were fundamental for the successful production of \u201ctailored\u201d nanoparticles, and complemented the chemical conditions for the differential biosynthesis process. The present research represents a novel approach to manipulate cyanobacterial cells towards the production of different-sized gold nanoparticles whose curative impacts vary accordingly. This is the first report on that type of manipulated gold nanoparticles biosynthesis which will hopefully open doors for further investigations and biotechnological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T11:02:37Z","timestamp":1562583757000},"page":"402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cyanobacteria as Nanogold Factories II: Chemical Reactivity and anti-Myocardial Infraction Properties of Customized Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Cyanothece sp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4309-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Younis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esam M.","family":"Bakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Al-bassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1216-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged E.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermin A.","family":"El Semary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00214-11","article-title":"Novel metabolic attributes of the genus Cyanothece, comprising a group of unicellular nitrogen-fixing Cyanothece","volume":"2","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.038232-0","article-title":"Mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic metabolism in Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 under continuous light","volume":"156","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading, England)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931648","article-title":"Effectiveness of Cyanothece spp. and Cyanospira capsulata exocellular polysaccharides as antiadhesive agents for blocking attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric cells","volume":"49","author":"Ascencio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-010-0791-9","article-title":"The apoptosis-inducing activity towards leukemia and lymphoma cells in a cyanobacterial culture collection is not associated with mouse bioassay toxicity","volume":"38","author":"Oftedal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.04.048","article-title":"Temperature-responsive polymeric nanospheres containing methotrexate and gold nanoparticles: A multi-drug system for theranostic in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"133","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.09.004","article-title":"Anticancer activity of Cyanothece sp. strain extracts from Egypt: First record","volume":"5","author":"Fouda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1441862","article-title":"Sacubitril and valsartan protect from experimental myocardial infarction by ameliorating oxidative damage in Wistar rats","volume":"41","author":"Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Ag and Au Nanoparticles from Micro and Macro Algae\u2014Review","volume":"2","author":"Hassaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Atmos. Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"31","article-title":"Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by blue-green algae Spirulina platensis","volume":"4","author":"Kalabegishvili","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakir, E.M., Younis, N.S., Mohamed, M.E., and El Semary, N.A. (2018). Cyanobacteria as Nanogold Factories: Chemical and Anti\u2013Myocardial Infarction Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Lyngbya majuscula. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16060217"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"185","article-title":"Effect of removal of molybdenum in two cyanobacteria Tolypothrix tenuis (Kutz) Schmidt em. and Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn","volume":"32","author":"Kannan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1021\/la0613124","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by filamentous cyanobacteria from a silver(I) nitrate complex","volume":"23","author":"Lengke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1021\/es061040r","article-title":"Mechanisms of gold bioaccumulation by filamentous cyanobacteria from gold (III)\u2013 chloride complex","volume":"40","author":"Lengke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm084","article-title":"A complete energy balance from photons to new biomass reveals a light- and nutrient-dependent variability in the metabolic costs of carbon assimilation","volume":"58","author":"Jakob","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.027","article-title":"Selective enhancement of resonance light-scattering of gold nanoparticles by glycogen","volume":"76","author":"Xiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.044","article-title":"Formulation of a minimal nutritional medium for enhanced lipid productivity in Chlorella sp. and Botryococcus sp. using response surface methodology","volume":"77","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-013-9941-z","article-title":"Analysis of carbohydrate storage granules in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822","volume":"118","author":"Welkie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photosynthesis Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e58076","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Phycobiliprotein Content in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis","volume":"139","author":"Zavrel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Visual. Exp."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"113","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins as a commodity: Trends in applied research, patents and commercialization","volume":"20","author":"Sekar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8892-x","article-title":"Biolubricant potential of exopolysaccharides from the cyanobacterium Cyanothece epiphytica","volume":"102","author":"Borah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.05.001","article-title":"A new exopolysaccharide produced by marine Cyanothece sp. 113","volume":"98","author":"Chi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/md9020196","article-title":"Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae","volume":"9","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.12.001","article-title":"Screening of cyanobacteria and microalgae for their ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activity","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-014-0835-9","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Extracellular Molecules Produced by Enterobacter aerogenes and their Catalytic Study","volume":"26","author":"Srinath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cluster Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, O.V. (2015). Bio-Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Sustainable Biotechnological Implications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118677629"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-018-1297-y","article-title":"Morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny of Cyanothece sp. (Cyanobacteriaceae: Cyanophyceae) isolated from the eastern Indian Ocean","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EN00026B","article-title":"Room temperature seed mediated growth of gold nanoparticles: mechanistic investigations and life cycle assesment","volume":"2","author":"Leng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/16\/10\/059","article-title":"The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Morones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-009-9344-4","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance from bimetallic interface in Au-Ag core-shell structure nanowires","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205424","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.70.205424","article-title":"Plasmon emission in photoexcited gold nanoparticles","volume":"70","author":"Dulkeith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02218-06","article-title":"Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli","volume":"73","author":"Pal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061933X09060027","article-title":"On the feasibility of determining nanoparticle concentration by the dynamic light scattering method","volume":"71","author":"Vysotskii","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloid J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.12691\/ajn-3-1-2","article-title":"Tuning the Size of Gold Nanoparticles with Repetitive Oxidation-reduction Cycles","volume":"3","author":"Rhieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e29-322","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"131","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.07.015","article-title":"Kampeferol protects against oxidative stress and apoptotic damage in experimental model of isoproterenol\u2013induced cardiac toxicity in rats","volume":"23","author":"Suchal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phys. Phytopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-04575-9","article-title":"Role of MAPK\/NF\u2013kappaB pathway in cardioprotective effect of Morin in isoproterenol induced myocardial injury in rats","volume":"46","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s11172-008-0080-1","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of gold nanoparticles studied by ESR spectroscopy","volume":"57","author":"Yakimovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Oueslati, M.H., Tahar, L.B., and Harrath, A.H. (2018). Catalytic, antioxidant and anticancer activities of gold nanoparticles synthesized by kaempferol glucoside from Lotus leguminosae. Arabian J. Chem., in press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10644","DOI":"10.1021\/la0513712","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Endocytotic Fate Inside the Cellular Compartment: A Microscopic Overview","volume":"21","author":"Shukla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.08.011","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles: Distribution, bioaccumulation and toxicity. In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"14","author":"Bettmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.196904","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: A therapeutic antioxidant and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211797052664","article-title":"Recent progress toward hydrogen medicine: Potential of molecular hydrogen for preventive and therapeutic applications","volume":"17","author":"Ohta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharma. Design"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhaider, I.A., Mohamed, M.E., Ahmed, K.K.M., and Kumar, A.H.S. (2017). Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Fruits as a Potential Cardioprotective Agent: The Role of Circulating Progenitor Cells. Frontiers Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00592"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17252","article-title":"Size-dependent Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Progenitor Cells","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6934757","article-title":"Studies of the Influence of Gold Nanoparticles on Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"2017","author":"Volkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1139\/m62-029","article-title":"Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran","volume":"8","author":"Guillard","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/physci241020a0","article-title":"Controlled Nucleation for the Regulation of the Particle Size in Monodisperse Gold Suspensions","volume":"241","author":"Frens","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nat. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13939","DOI":"10.1021\/ja074447k","article-title":"Size Control of Gold Nanocrystals in Citrate Reduction:\u2009 The Third Role of Citrate","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.17221\/2787-PSE","article-title":"Effect of Cadmium and Lead on Growth, Biochemical Parameters and Uptake in Lemna PolyrrhizaL","volume":"54","author":"John","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/17\/7\/402\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:03:29Z","timestamp":1760187809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/17\/7\/402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["md17070402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md17070402","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]}}}