{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:15:15Z","timestamp":1783116915826,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, present increasing challenges to health worldwide, as a result of urbanization, the increasing prevalence of obesity, poor lifestyle, and other stress-related factors. Ishige okamurae extract (IOE) is known to be effective at lowering blood glucose and ameliorating metabolic disease. However, detailed mechanisms for these effects have yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that IOE ameliorates substrate (IRS)\/ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)\/Akt pathway and increasing glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT). We also demonstrate that IOE increases the expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21, a regulator of glucose and energy metabolism in muscle and WAT. In addition, IOE administration increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 coactivator 1\u03b1 expression, which regulates expression of the key thermogenic molecule uncoupling protein 1 in WAT. Thus, the effects of IOE to ameliorate hyperglycemia and adiposity may be mediated through FGF21 activating insulin signaling and increasing the expression of GLUT4 and pro-thermogenic factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1562727926000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ishige okamurae Extract Ameliorates the Hyperglycemia and Body Weight Gain of db\/db Mice through Regulation of the PI3K\/Akt Pathway and Thermogenic Factors by FGF21"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Young-Jin","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kippeum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwoo","family":"Chei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Jin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boo-Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7901","article-title":"Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice","volume":"105","author":"Gavrilova","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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