{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1791356613322,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea","award":["HI14C1135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI14C1135"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose degradation is aberrantly increased in hyperglycemia, which causes various harmful effects on the liver. Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis that induces protein modification (advanced glycation end-products, AGEs) and inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of indole-4-carboxaldehyde (ST-I4C), which was isolated from the edible seaweed Sargassum thunbergii, on MGO-induced inflammation in HepG2 cells, a human hepatocyte cell line. ST-I4C attenuated the MGO-induced expression of inflammatory-related genes, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) without toxicity in HepG2 cells. In addition, ST-I4C reduced the MGO-induced AGE formation and the expression of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). Interestingly, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of Glo-1 increased following ST-I4C treatment, and the decrease in Glo-1 mRNA expression caused by MGO exposure was rescued by ST-I4C pretreatment. These results suggest that ST-I4C shows anti-inflammatory activity against MGO-induced inflammation in human hepatocytes by preventing an increase in the pro-inflammatory gene expression and AGE formation. Therefore, it represents a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17090486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1566386346000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Indole-4-carboxaldehyde Isolated from Seaweed, Sargassum thunbergii, Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Hepatic Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5004-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon-Heui","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Hanseo University, Chungcheongnam-do 31962, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongha","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Jin","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research &amp; Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science &amp; Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1166-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee-Sook","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Gachon Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21999, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(95)02054-3","article-title":"Pharmacology of methylglyoxal: Formation, modification of proteins and nucleic acids, and enzymatic detoxification-a role in pathogenesis and antiproliferative chemotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Thornalley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gen. 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