{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:40:41Z","timestamp":1769629241955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]],"date-time":"2019-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST)","award":["005-5800100106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005-5800100106"]}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST)","award":["JPMJCR18H5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR18H5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine ecosystems are the most prevalent ecosystems on the planet, providing a diversity of living organisms and resources. The development of nanotechnology may provide solutions for utilizing these thousands of potential compounds as marine pharmaceuticals. Here, we designed a liposomal glycol chitosan formulation to load both doxorubicin (DOX) and rapamycin (RAPA), and then evaluated its therapeutic potential in a prepared drug-resistant cell model. We explored the stability of the drug delivery system by changing the physiological conditions and characterized its physicochemical properties. The electrostatic complexation between DOX-glycol chitosan and docosahexaenoic acid RAPA-liposomes (GC-DOX\/RAPA \u03c9-liposomes) was precisely regulated, resulting in particle size of 131.3 nm and zeta potential of \u221214.5 mV. The well-characterized structure of GC-DOX\/RAPA \u03c9-liposomes led to high loading efficiencies of 4.1% for DOX and 6.2% for RAPA. Also, GC-DOX\/RAPA \u03c9-liposomes exhibited high colloidal stability under physiological conditions and synergistic anti-cancer effects on DOX-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells, while showing pH-sensitive drug release behavior. Our results provided a viable example of marine pharmaceuticals with therapeutic potential for treating drug-resistant tumors using an efficient and safe drug delivery system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md17100581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Glycol Chitosan-Docosahexaenoic Acid Liposomes for Drug Delivery: Synergistic Effect of Doxorubicin-Rapamycin in Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5886-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuro","family":"Niidome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4925-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruda","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6336","DOI":"10.3390\/md13106336","article-title":"Marine-based nutraceuticals: An innovative trend in the food and supplement industries","volume":"13","author":"Suleria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. 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