{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:17Z","timestamp":1779148817825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN68031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN68031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)","award":["PE99621 and PE99722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE99621 and PE99722"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the modulation of gut microbiota, immune responses, and gut morphometry in C57BL\/6 mice, upon oral administration of S. maxima-derived modified pectin (SmP, 7.5 mg\/mL) and pectin nanoparticles (SmPNPs; 7.5 mg\/mL). Metagenomics analysis was conducted using fecal samples, and mice duodenum and jejunum were used for analyzing the immune response and gut morphometry, respectively. The results of metagenomics analysis revealed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the gut increased in response to both modified SmP and SmPNPs (75%) as compared with that in the control group (66%), while that of Firmicutes decreased in (20%) as compared with that in the control group (30%). The mRNA levels of mucin, antimicrobial peptide, and antiviral and gut permeability-related genes in the duodenum were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) upregulated (&gt; 2-fold) upon modified SmP and SmPNPs feeding. Protein level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase was increased (1.9-fold) in the duodenum of modified SmPNPs feeding, evidenced by significantly increased goblet cell density (0.5 \u00b1 0.03 cells\/1000 \u00b5m2) and villi height (352 \u00b1 10 \u00b5m). Our results suggest that both modified SmP and SmPNPs have the potential to modulate gut microbial community, enhance the expression of immune related genes, and improve gut morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md18030175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T04:03:01Z","timestamp":1584936181000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Marine Microalgae, Spirulina maxima-Derived Modified Pectin and Modified Pectin Nanoparticles Modulate the Gut Microbiota and Trigger Immune Responses in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"H.P.S.U.","family":"Chandrarathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.D.","family":"Liyanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.L.","family":"Edirisinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.H.S.","family":"Dananjaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7722-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.H.T.","family":"Thulshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chamilani","family":"Nikapitiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chulhong","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju 63349, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do-Hyung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju 63349, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahanama","family":"De Zoysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqx082","article-title":"Dietary fiber and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"107","author":"Veronese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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