{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:54:45Z","timestamp":1787252085729,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP- 2020\/36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP- 2020\/36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine-derived substances are known for their beneficial influences on aquatic animals\u2019 performances and are recommended to improve intestinal health, immunity, and anti-oxidative status. The present study investigates the role of chitosan nanoparticles on the intestinal histo-morphometrical features in association with the health and immune response of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada). Chitosan nanoparticles are included in the diets at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g\/kg and introduced to fish in a successive feeding trial for eight weeks. The final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) parameters are significantly increased while feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreases by chitosan nanoparticles compared to the control (p &lt; 0.05). The morphometric analysis of the intestines reveals a significant improvement in villus height, villus width, and the number of goblet cells in chitosan-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between the thickness of the enterocyte brush border and the chitosan dose, referring to an increasing absorptive activity. Histologically, the intestinal wall of Grey Mullet consists of four layers; mucosa, sub-mucosa, tunica muscularis (muscular layers), and serosa. The histological examination of the L. ramada intestine shows a normal histo-morphology. The epithelial layer of intestinal mucosa is thrown into elongated finger-like projections, the intestinal villi. The values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin are significantly increased in fish fed 1, and 2 g\/kg of chitosan nanoparticles compared to fish fed 0 and 0.5 g\/kg (p &lt; 0.05). The highest levels of TP and albumin are observed in fish fed 1 g\/kg diet (p &lt; 0.05). The lysozyme activity and phagocytic index are significantly enhanced by feeding chitosan nanoparticles at 0.5, 1, and 2 g\/kg, whereas the phagocytic activity is improved in fish fed 1 and 2 g\/kg (p &lt; 0.05). The highest lysozyme activity and phagocytic index are observed in fish fed 1 g\/kg. SOD is significantly activated by feeding chitosan nanoparticles at 1 g\/kg. Simultaneously, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities also are enhanced by feeding chitosan at 1 and 2 g\/kg, compared to fish fed 0 and 0.5 g\/kg (p &lt; 0.05). The highest GPx and CAT activities are observed in fish fed 1 g\/kg (p &lt; 0.05). Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are decreased by feeding chitosan at 1 and 2 g\/kg, with the lowest being in fish fed 1 g\/kg (p &lt; 0.05). To summarize, the results elucidate that L. ramada fed dietary chitosan nanoparticles have a marked growth rate, immune response, and anti-oxidative response. These improvements are attributed to the potential role of chitosan nanoparticles in enhancing intestinal histo-morphometry and intestinal health. These results soundly support the possibility of using chitosan nanoparticles at 1\u20132 g\/kg as a feasible functional supplement for aquatic animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1606828131000},"page":"611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Marine-Derived Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved the Intestinal Histo-Morphometrical Features in Association with the Health and Immune Response of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4887-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud A.O.","family":"Dawood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud S.","family":"Gewaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria 21556, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Shukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asem A.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abbassa, Sharkia, Sakha Aquaculture Research Unit, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed M.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdel-Wahab A.","family":"Abdel-Warith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien","family":"Van Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Innoviative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel H.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51744, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1719-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Aboubakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany M.R.","family":"Abdel-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabreen E.","family":"Fadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51744, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-012-9263-9","article-title":"A global review of the cosmopolitan flathead mullet Mugil cephalus linnaeus 1758 (teleostei: Mugilidae), with emphasis on the biology, genetics, ecology and fisheries aspects of this apparent species complex","volume":"22","author":"Whitfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. 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