{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:00:31Z","timestamp":1792087231432,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIOCARB-4-FOOD (code: 17RDSUSFOOD2ERA-NET1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOCARB-4-FOOD (code: 17RDSUSFOOD2ERA-NET1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Juan de la Cierva","award":["Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (IJC2018-035523-I)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (IJC2018-035523-I)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The exponential growth of emerging multidrug-resistant microorganisms, including foodborne pathogens affecting the shelf-life and quality of foods, has recently increased the needs of the food industry to search for novel, natural and eco-friendly antimicrobial agents. Macroalgae are a bio-diverse group distributed worldwide, known to produce multiple compounds of diverse chemical nature, different to those produced by terrestrial plants. These novel compounds have shown promising health benefits when incorporated into foods, including antimicrobial properties. This review aims to provide an overview of the general methods and novel compounds with antimicrobial properties recently isolated and characterized from macroalgae, emphasizing the molecular pathways of their antimicrobial mechanisms of action. The current scientific evidence on the use of macroalgae or macroalgal extracts to increase the shelf-life of foods and prevent the development of foodborne pathogens in real food products and their influence on the sensory attributes of multiple foods (i.e., meat, dairy, beverages, fish and bakery products) will also be discussed, together with the main challenges and future trends of the use of marine natural products as antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19040211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T03:04:06Z","timestamp":1618196646000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Antimicrobials from Seaweeds for Food Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Eduarda M.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9656-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie R. M.","family":"Mondala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science &amp; Environmental Health, College of Sciences &amp; Health, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, 7 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Curtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science &amp; Environmental Health, College of Sciences &amp; Health, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, 7 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brijesh K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9939-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Garcia-Vaquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barba, F.J., de Souza Sant\u2019Ana, A., Orlien, V., and Koubaa, M. (2017). Innovative Technologies for Food Preservation: Inactivation of Spoilage and Pathogenic Microorganisms, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811031-7.00002-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900668n","article-title":"Application of Natural Antimicrobials for Food Preservation","volume":"57","author":"Tiwari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00041-10","article-title":"Microbiology of animal bite wound infections","volume":"24","author":"Abrahamian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Meng, X., Li, Y., Zhao, C.-N., Tang, G.-Y., and Li, H.-B. (2017). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Spices. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061283"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods\u2014A review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.015","article-title":"Biopreservative methods to control the growth of foodborne pathogens on fresh-cut lettuce","volume":"214","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.04.003","article-title":"Effects of Citrox and chitosan on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in vacuum-packaged turkey meat","volume":"58","author":"Vardaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.09.019","article-title":"Chemical and nutritional characteristics of brown seaweed lipids: A review","volume":"5","author":"Miyashita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqpro.2016.07.009","article-title":"Lipids, fatty acids, and fucoxanthin content from temperate and tropical brown seaweeds","volume":"7","author":"Susanto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"I","article-title":"The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization","volume":"124","author":"Ferdouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Globefish Res. Programme"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, A., Naughton, L.M., Mont\u00e1nchez, I., Dobson, A.D.W., and Rai, D.K. (2017). Current Status and Future Prospects of Marine Natural Products (MNPs) as Antimicrobials. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15090272"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.08.016","article-title":"Application of seaweeds to develop new food products with enhanced shelf-life, quality and health-related beneficial properties","volume":"99","author":"Roohinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.033","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of macro and microalgae against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in food","volume":"235","author":"Rivas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2015.1041184","article-title":"Red and green macroalgae for fish and animal feed and human functional food development","volume":"32","author":"Hayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1021\/np070378b","article-title":"Diterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and a C15-Acetogenin from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia mariannensis","volume":"70","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2009.25","article-title":"The novel anti-Propionibacterium acnes compound, Sargafuran, found in the marine brown alga Sargassum macrocarpum","volume":"62","author":"Kamei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2009.11.042","article-title":"Ecological leads for natural product discovery: Novel sesquiterpene hydroquinones from the red macroalga Peyssonnelia sp.","volume":"66","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00243-6","article-title":"Antibacterial halogenated metabolites from the Malaysian Laurencia species","volume":"58","author":"Vairappan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0327-x","article-title":"Innovative and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems","volume":"18","author":"Burnham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1086\/647952","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Review of General Principles and Contemporary Practices","volume":"49","author":"Reller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-011-0224-2","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of a sulfated galactan extracted from the marine alga Chaetomorpha aerea against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"16","author":"Pierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-012-9866-5","article-title":"Seasonal variation in phenolic composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) and assessment of antiacetylcholinesterase potential","volume":"25","author":"Trigui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"99","article-title":"Antibacterial Activities of Brown Marine Algae (Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria ornata) from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve","volume":"5","author":"Vijayabaskar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn090","article-title":"Principles of assessing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics using the agar diffusion method","volume":"61","author":"Bonev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.04.017","article-title":"Active substances from Ceramium botryocarpum used as antifouling products in aquaculture","volume":"258","author":"Bazes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12146","article-title":"Assessment of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of three species of edible seaweeds","volume":"39","author":"Boisvert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(01)00092-7","article-title":"Inhibition of marine bacteria by extracts of macroalgae: Potential use for environmentally friendly antifouling paints","volume":"52","author":"Hellio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-015-1797-2","article-title":"Asparagopsis armata and Sphaerococcus coronopifolius as a natural source of antimicrobial compounds","volume":"31","author":"Pinteus","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.11.029","article-title":"Extracts of Ceramium rubrum, Mastocarpus stellatus and Laminaria digitata inhibit growth of marine and fish pathogenic bacteria at ecologically realistic concentrations","volume":"274","author":"Dubber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.05.026","article-title":"Selectivity for and destruction of Salmonella typhimurium via a membrane damage mechanism of a cell-penetrating peptide ppTG20 analogue","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.05.016","article-title":"Detection of fluoroquinolone resistance level in clinical canine and feline Escherichia coli pathogens using rapid real-time PCR assay","volume":"139","author":"Shaheen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.02046.x","article-title":"Microarray analysis of erythromycin resistance determinants","volume":"95","author":"Volokhov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02340-06","article-title":"Use of a DNA Microarray for Simultaneous Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Staphylococcal Clinical Isolates","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24286","article-title":"DNA sequencing at 40: Past, present and future","volume":"550","author":"Shendure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03332-12","article-title":"Outbreak investigation using high-throughput genome sequencing within a diagnostic microbiology laboratory","volume":"51","author":"Sherry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1641-7","article-title":"Next-generation and whole-genome sequencing in the diagnostic clinical microbiology laboratory","volume":"31","author":"Dunne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701644140","article-title":"Animal models: An important tool in mycology","volume":"45","author":"Capilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12839","article-title":"An experimental murine model of otitis and dermatitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis","volume":"61","author":"Schlemmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.02.002","article-title":"The Skin Commensal Yeast Malassezia Triggers a Type 17 Response that Coordinates Anti-fungal Immunity and Exacerbates Skin Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Sparber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2016.10.005","article-title":"Chapter 4\u2014Infectious disease models in zebrafish","volume":"Volume 138","author":"Detrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods in Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-014-0506-0","article-title":"Seaweed extracts as antimicrobial agents in aquaculture","volume":"27","author":"Vatsos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02195.x","article-title":"Live Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a growth and immunity promoter for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"40","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.08.022","article-title":"Contribution of microalgae-enriched fodder for the Nile tilapia to growth and resistance to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"27","author":"Fadl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.09.016","article-title":"Polysaccharides from marine macroalga, Padina gymnospora improve the nonspecific and specific immune responses of Cyprinus carpio and protect it from different pathogens","volume":"58","author":"Rajendran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.271-276","article-title":"Stimulation of non-specific immunity, gene expression, and disease resistance in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), by the methanolic extract of the marine macroalga, Caulerpa scalpelliformis","volume":"12","author":"Yengkhom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.03.010","article-title":"Differential solvent extraction of two seaweeds and their efficacy in controlling Aeromonas salmonicida infection in Oreochromis mossambicus: A novel therapeutic approach","volume":"443","author":"Thanigaivel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2011.12.003","article-title":"In vivo therapeutic potentiality of red seaweed, Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta) in the treatment of Vibriosis in Penaeus monodon Fabricius","volume":"19","author":"Manilal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.07.003","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Chaetomorpha antennina against shrimp pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"433","author":"Thanigaivel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-010-9632-5","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in seaweed: Functional food applications and legislation","volume":"23","author":"Holdt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, I., and Huovinen, P. (2020). Brown Algal Phlorotannins: An Overview of Their Functional Roles. Antarctic Seaweeds, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39448-6_18"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2018.04.007","article-title":"Prompt induction of chemical defenses in the red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea: The role of herbivory and epibiosis","volume":"138","author":"Sudatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2017.03.002","article-title":"Inducible defenses against herbivory and fouling in seaweeds","volume":"122","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.11.016","article-title":"Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification","volume":"99","author":"Rajauria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Pietro, A.S. (1980). Biochemical and Photosynthetic Aspects of Energy Production, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, M.J., Falqu\u00e9, E., and Dom\u00ednguez, H. (2016). Antimicrobial Action of Compounds from Marine Seaweed. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14030052"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-008-0162-9","article-title":"Synergistic effect between dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera and \u03b2-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0434","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Ecklonia cava against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp.","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4490\/algae.2014.29.1.047","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial and synergistic effect of phlorotannins isolated from edible brown seaweed Eisenia bicyclis against acne-related bacteria","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Algae"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2007.11.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of the bromophenols from the red alga Odonthalia corymbifera and some synthetic derivatives","volume":"18","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2009.09.118","article-title":"Colensolide A: A new nitrogenous bromophenol from the New Zealand marine red alga Osmundaria colensoi","volume":"50","author":"Popplewell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3354\/meps306087","article-title":"Chemical defence against bacteria in the red alga asparagopsis armata: Linking structure with function","volume":"306","author":"Paul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3390\/md13020713","article-title":"Antitumor and antimicrobial potential of bromoditerpenes isolated from the red alga, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.026","article-title":"Characterization of antibacterial activity from protein hydrolysates of the macroalga Saccharina longicruris and identification of peptides implied in bioactivity","volume":"17","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1999-3110-54-39","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of stearidonic and gamma-linolenic acids from the green seaweed Enteromorpha linza against several oral pathogenic bacteria","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.05.002","article-title":"Biotechnological potential of the seaweed Cladophora rupestris (Chlorophyta, Cladophorales) lipidic extract","volume":"31","author":"Stabili","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12110","article-title":"Antioxidant and Free Radical-Scavenging Potential of Essential Oil from E nteromorpha linza L. Prepared by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation","volume":"39","author":"Patra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12093","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200712093","article-title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of an essential oil extracted from an edible seaweed, Laminaria japonica L.","volume":"20","author":"Patra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12278","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12278","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from an edible seaweed Undaria pinnatifida","volume":"41","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"421","article-title":"Potential antibacterial and antioxidant properties of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown marine algae Sargassum swartzii","volume":"10","author":"Vijayabaskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3329\/icpj.v2i10.16408","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of fucoidan from Sargassum wightii against the chosen human bacterial pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Marudhupandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Curr. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.3390\/md13074270","article-title":"Laminarin from Irish Brown Seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria hyperborea: Ultrasound Assisted Extraction, Characterization and Bioactivity","volume":"13","author":"Kadam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.05.060","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanisms of depolymerized fucoidans isolated from Laminaria japonica","volume":"172","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.04.085","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Spatoglossum asperum","volume":"170","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, J.-Y., Jung, M.-J., Jeong, I.-H., Yamazaki, K., Kawai, Y., and Kim, B.-M. (2018). Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae against Dental Plaque Bacteria. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090301"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.070","article-title":"Antibacterial efficacy of a fucoidan fraction (Fu-F2) extracted from Sargassum polycystum","volume":"125","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.07.002","article-title":"24-Branched \u03945 sterols from Laurencia papillosa red seaweed with antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria","volume":"169","author":"Kavita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7810-3","article-title":"O-heterocyclic derivatives with antibacterial properties from marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis associated with seaweed, Sargassum myriocystum","volume":"101","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x","article-title":"Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance","volume":"56","author":"Bravo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.230S","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies","volume":"81","author":"Manach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2011.09.015","article-title":"Phlorotannins as bioactive agents from brown algae","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00278.x","article-title":"Nutritional value of edible seaweeds","volume":"65","author":"MacArtain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, G., Sousa, C., Silva, L.R., Pinto, E., Andrade, P.B., Bernardo, J., Mouga, T., and Valent\u00e3o, P. (2012). Can Phlorotannins Purified Extracts Constitute a Novel Pharmacological Alternative for Microbial Infections with Associated Inflammatory Conditions?. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031145"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900820x","article-title":"Isolation and identification of phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802732n","article-title":"Anti-allergic effects of phlorotannins on histamine release via binding inhibition between IgE and Fc\u03b5RI","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibata, T., Ishimaru, K., Kawaguchi, S., Yoshikawa, H., and Hama, Y. (2007, January 26\u201331). Antioxidant Activities of Phlorotannins Isolated from Japanese Laminariaceae. Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium, Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9254-8"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12114","article-title":"The impact and mode of action of phenolic compounds extracted from brown seaweed on mixed anaerobic microbial cultures","volume":"114","author":"Hierholtzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shannon, E., and Abu-Ghannam, N. (2016). Antibacterial Derivatives of Marine Algae: An Overview of Pharmacological Mechanisms and Applications. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14040081"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2009.80213","article-title":"Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) Phlorotannins and Terrestrial Tannins","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6041-8","article-title":"The mechanism of antibacterial activity of phlorofucofuroeckol-A against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"98","author":"Eom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/10498850.2013.851757","article-title":"Damage to the Membrane Permeability and Cell Death of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Caused by Phlorotannins with Low Molecular Weight from Sargassum thunbergii","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/md9071273","article-title":"Bromophenols in Marine Algae and Their Bioactivities","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2017.07.010","article-title":"Novel antioxidant bromophenols with acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory actions","volume":"74","author":"Taslimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(03)00004-9","article-title":"Antibacterial bromophenols from the marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.01.006","article-title":"Isolation and antimicrobial activity of a lanosol derivative from Osmundaria serrata (Rhodophyta) and a visual exploration of its biofilm covering","volume":"72","author":"Barreto","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071125r","article-title":"Inhibition of the pathogenicity of Magnaporthe grisea by bromophenols, isocitrate lyase inhibitors, from the red alga Odonthalia corymbifera","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1035-z","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity of red alga, Polysiphonia morrowii extract and its bromophenols against fish pathogenic infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.2258","article-title":"Antiviral activity of the marine alga Symphyocladia latiuscula against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in vitro and its therapeutic efficacy against HSV-1 infection in mice","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Yada, R.Y. (2018). Seaweed proteins. Proteins in Food Processing, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(99)00014-5","article-title":"Nutritional value of proteins from edible seaweed Palmaria palmata (Dulse)","volume":"10","author":"Fleurence","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101909","article-title":"Bioactive peptides and carbohydrates from seaweed for food applications: Natural occurrence, isolation, purification, and identification","volume":"48","author":"Lafarga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1338-5","article-title":"Lectins from red algae and their biomedical potential","volume":"30","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2020, July 18). The Antimicrobial Database. Available online: http:\/\/aps.unmc.edu\/AP\/."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02322-09","article-title":"Broad-Spectrum In Vitro Activity and In Vivo Efficacy of the Antiviral Protein Griffithsin against Emerging Viruses of the Family Coronaviridae","volume":"84","author":"Giomarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.07.011","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is inhibited by griffithsin","volume":"133","author":"Millet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barre, A., Simplicien, M., Benoist, H., Van Damme, E.J.M., and Roug\u00e9, P. (2019). Mannose-Specific Lectins from Marine Algae: Diverse Structural Scaffolds Associated to Common Virucidal and Anti-Cancer Properties. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17080440"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, B.K., Jackman, J.A., Valle-Gonz\u00e1lez, E.R., and Cho, N.-J. (2018). Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides: Biological Activities, Experimental Testing, and Therapeutic Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041114"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Lewin, R.A. (1962). Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"535","article-title":"Active ingredients fatty acids as antibacterial agent from the brown algae Padina pavonica and Hormophysa triquetra","volume":"2","author":"Shoubaky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Costa, E., Melo, T., Moreira, A.S., Bernardo, C., Helguero, L., Ferreira, I., Cruz, M.T., Rego, A.M., Domingues, P., and Calado, R. (2017). Valorization of lipids from Gracilaria sp. through lipidomics and decoding of antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15030062"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9143","article-title":"Marine macroalgae as sources of protein and bioactive compounds in feed for monogastric animals","volume":"99","author":"Mydland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiger-Pouvreau, V., Bourgougnon, N., and Deslandes, E. (2016). Carbohydrates from seaweeds. Seaweed in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802772-1.00008-7"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.3390\/md13052967","article-title":"Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., Ma, S., Yu, Y., White, W.L., Yang, S., Yang, F., and Lu, J. (2018). Fucoidan Extracted from Undaria pinnatifida: Source for Nutraceuticals\/Functional Foods. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090321"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115774","article-title":"Biomedical applications of laminarin","volume":"232","author":"Zargarzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.02.013","article-title":"Studies on antibacterial activity and antibacterial mechanism of a novel polysaccharide from Streptomyces virginia H03","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387669-0.00014-4","article-title":"Chapter 14\u2014Potential Beneficial Effects of Marine Algal Sterols on Human Health","volume":"Volume 64","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(68)80078-9","article-title":"Sterol compositions in some green algae and brown algae","volume":"12","author":"Ikekawa","year":"1968","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60158-7","article-title":"Isolation and identification of MDR\u2013Mycobacterium tuberculosis and screening of partially characterised antimycobacterial compounds from chosen marine micro algae","volume":"3","author":"Prakash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1021\/np010101q","article-title":"Inhibition of Mycobacterium t uberculosis Growth by Saringosterol from Lessonia n igrescens","volume":"64","author":"Franzblau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14756","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b03236","article-title":"Understanding how sterols regulate membrane remodeling in supported lipid bilayers","volume":"33","author":"Kawakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Liu, H.-W., and Mander, L. (2010). The Natural Products Chemistry of Cyanobacteria. Comprehensive Natural Products II, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116784","article-title":"Innovative processing strategies and technologies to obtain hydrocolloids from macroalgae for food applications","volume":"248","author":"Gomez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0014-7","article-title":"On the human consumption of the red seaweed dulse (Palmaria palmata (L.) Weber & Mohr)","volume":"25","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.06.007","article-title":"Marine foods as functional ingredients in bakery and pasta products","volume":"43","author":"Kadam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.06.029","article-title":"A comprehensive approach to formulation of seaweed-enriched meat products: From technological development to assessment of healthy properties","volume":"99","author":"Cofrades","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.06.004","article-title":"Liking of health-functional foods containing lupin kernel fibre following repeated consumption in a dietary intervention setting","volume":"55","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2009.04.014","article-title":"Low-fat frankfurters enriched with n\u22123 PUFA and edible seaweed: Effects of olive oil and chilled storage on physicochemical, sensory and microbial characteristics","volume":"83","author":"Cofrades","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.03.005","article-title":"Frozen storage characteristics of low-salt and low-fat beef patties as affected by Wakame addition and replacing pork backfat with olive oil-in-water emulsion","volume":"43","author":"Cofrades","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2010.11.014","article-title":"Quality characteristics of low-salt restructured poultry with microbial transglutaminase and seaweed","volume":"87","author":"Cofrades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12210","article-title":"Enhancement of the phytochemical and fibre content of beef patties with Himanthalia elongata seaweed","volume":"48","author":"Cox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.02.010","article-title":"Effect of a brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extract containing laminarin and fucoidan on the quality and shelf-life of fresh and cooked minced pork patties","volume":"94","author":"Moroney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.08.007","article-title":"Influence of natural extracts on the shelf life of modified atmosphere-packaged pork patties","volume":"96","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2019.108001","article-title":"Effect of salt reduction and inclusion of 1% edible seaweeds on the chemical, sensory and volatile component profile of reformulated frankfurters","volume":"161","author":"Vilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12121","article-title":"An examination of the potential of seaweed extracts as functional ingredients in milk","volume":"67","author":"Waldron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.07.031","article-title":"Seaweed extracts as potential functional ingredients in yogurt","volume":"37","author":"Smyth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2018.04.004","article-title":"Cheese supplementation with five species of edible seaweeds: Effect on microbiota, antioxidant activity, colour, texture and sensory characteristics","volume":"84","author":"Picon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"50","article-title":"Effect of Myagropsis myagroides extracts on shelf-life and quality of bread","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2010.39.11.1672","article-title":"Effect of Ecklonia cava hot water extracts on shelf-life and quality of muffin","volume":"39","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.9721\/KJFST.2011.43.6.723","article-title":"Effect of Sargassum sagamianum extract on shelf-life and improved quality of morning bread","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poveda-Castillo, G.D.C., Rodrigo, D., Mart\u00ednez, A., and Pina-P\u00e9rez, M.C. (2018). Bioactivity of Fucoidan as an Antimicrobial Agent in a New Functional Beverage. Beverages, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages4030064"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.10.003","article-title":"Bioactive alginate coatings to control Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon slices and fillets","volume":"136","author":"Neetoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100382","article-title":"Development of functional bio-based seaweed (Himanthalia elongata and Palmaria palmata) edible films for extending the shelflife of fresh fish burgers","volume":"22","author":"Albertos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-01993-5","article-title":"Assessment of bacterial pathogens on edible macroalgae in coastal waters","volume":"32","author":"Barberi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12523","article-title":"Food safety hazards in the european seaweed chain","volume":"19","author":"Banach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"FSAI (2020). Safety Considerations of Seaweed and Seaweed-Derived Foods Available on the Irish Market, FSAI."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"(2006). Commission regulation (EC) 1881\/2006 of 19 december 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union, 49, 5\u201324."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"(2002). Directive 2002\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 may 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed. Off. J. Eur. Union, 45, 10\u201321."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"(2018). Recommendation (EU) 2018\/464 of 19 march 2018 on the monitoring of metals and iodine in seaweed, halophytes and products based on seaweed. Off. J. Eur. Union, 61, 16\u201318."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.195","article-title":"Arsenic in the prepared edible brown alga hijiki, hizikia fusiforme","volume":"15","author":"Hanaoka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.09.037","article-title":"Ingestion and excretion of arsenic compounds present in edible brown algae, hijikia fusiforme, by mice","volume":"48","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NP00019G","article-title":"Opportunities for natural products in 21 st century antibiotic discovery","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/4\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:27:59Z","timestamp":1760365679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/4\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["md19040211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md19040211","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]]}}}