{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:08:52Z","timestamp":1791281332545,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions H2020 RISE Metable \u2013 645693."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions H2020 RISE Metable \u2013 645693."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last decade, metal nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant interest in the field of biotechnology due to their unique physiochemical properties and potential uses in a wide range of applications. Metal NP synthesis using microorganisms has emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable strategy alternative to chemical and physical approaches. Herein, an original and efficient route for the microbial synthesis of copper NPs using bacterial strains newly isolated from an Antarctic consortium is described. UV-visible spectra of the NPs showed a maximum absorbance in the range of 380\u2013385 nm. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that these NPs are all monodispersed, spherical in nature, and well segregated without any agglomeration and with an average size of 30 nm. X-ray powder diffraction showed a polycrystalline nature and face centered cubic lattice and revealed characteristic diffraction peaks indicating the formation of CuONPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of capping proteins on the NP surface that act as stabilizers. All CuONPs manifested antimicrobial activity against various types of Gram-negative; Gram-positive bacteria; and fungi pathogen microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The cost-effective and eco-friendly biosynthesis of these CuONPs make them particularly attractive in several application from nanotechnology to biomedical science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19050263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T21:32:46Z","timestamp":1620595966000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Biogenic Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Bacterial Strains Isolated from an Antarctic Consortium Associated to a Psychrophilic Marine Ciliate: Characterization and Potential Application as Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Maria Sindhura","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8230-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Amruthraj","family":"Nagoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2527-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zannotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Giovannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesava Priyan","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Miceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4178-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Pucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigore, M.E., Biscu, E.R., Holban, A.M., Gestal, M.C., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2016). Methods of synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of CuO Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph9040075"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2015.06.021","article-title":"Electrochemical synthesized copper oxide Nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity","volume":"31","author":"Katwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"162","article-title":"Biosynthesis of metal Nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycetes","volume":"85","author":"Sastry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-0179-3","article-title":"The use of microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application","volume":"69","author":"Mandal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-5504-3","article-title":"Cu and CuO nanostructures: Facile hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity using new starting reagents","volume":"28","author":"Rahmatolahzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-7083-3","article-title":"Fabrication of CuO nanoparticles for structural, optical and dielectric analysis using chemical precipitation method","volume":"28","author":"Sagadevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-016-0024-9","article-title":"The effect of pH on the synthesis of stable Cu2O\/CuO Nanoparticles by sol\u2013gel method in a glycolic medium","volume":"122","author":"Zayyoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11144-017-1229-4","article-title":"Phenol hydroxylation over cubic\/monoclinic mixed phase CuO Nanoparticles prepared by chemical vapor deposition","volume":"122","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"React. Kinet. Mech. Cat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.09.003","article-title":"CuO nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, growth mechanisms, fundamental properties, and applications","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Progress Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2020.108369","article-title":"A comprehensive review of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications","volume":"123","author":"Waris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorgan. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN01026B","article-title":"Assessment of Cu and CuO nanoparticle ecological responses using laboratory small-scale microcosms Environ","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Lontie, R. (1984). Copper Proteins and Copper Enzymes, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(96)00153-2","article-title":"Intracellular generation of superoxide by copper sulphate in Escherichia coli","volume":"389","author":"Kimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051457","article-title":"Microbial heavy-metal resistance","volume":"51","author":"Nies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2020.06.015","article-title":"Genomic features and copper biosorption potential of a new Alcanivorax sp. VBW004 isolated from the shallow hydrothermal vent (Azores, Portugal)","volume":"112","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0568-9","article-title":"Microbial consortium associated with the Antarctic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii: An investigation from genomic sequences","volume":"70","author":"Pucciarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2009.03.008","article-title":"Molecular cold-adaptation of protein function and gene regulation: The case for comparative genomic analyses in marine ciliated protozoa","volume":"2","author":"Pucciarelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66878-x","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and silver nanoparticles production in a new Marinomonas strain isolated from the Antarctic psychrophilic ciliate Euplotes focardii","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, M.S., Nagoth, J.A., Ramasamy, K.P., Mancini, A., Giuli, G., Natalello, A., Ballarini, P., Miceli, C., and Pucciarelli, S. (2020). Synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles by a pseudomonas strain associated with the Antarctic psychrophilic protozoon Euplotes focardii. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010038"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlando, M., Pucciarelli, S., and Lotti, M. (2020). Endolysins from Antarctic Pseudomonas Display lysozyme activity at low temperature. Mar. Drugs., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18110579"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00867-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00867-19","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of a new pseudomonas sp. Strain, ef1, Associated with the psychrophilic Antarctic ciliate Euplotes focardii","volume":"8","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2018.10.004","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in Antarctica and its potential impacts on algae","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polar Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2003.10.003","article-title":"Origin, signature and palaeoclimatic influence of the antarctic circumpolar current","volume":"66","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.062","article-title":"Environmental contamination in Antarctic ecosystems","volume":"400","author":"Bargagli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-006-0068-2","article-title":"Metal and antibiotic-resistance in psychrotrophic bacteria from Antarctic Marine waters","volume":"15","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-012-1020-2","article-title":"Response of bacterial isolates from Antarctic shallow sediments towards heavy metals, antibiotics and polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"22","author":"Casella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotic activity of the antioxidant drink effective Microorganism-X (EM-X) extracts against common nosocomial pathogens: An in vitro study","volume":"4","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NR32887A","article-title":"Aqueous phase synthesis of copper nanoparticles: A link between heavy metal resistance and nanoparticle synthesis ability in bacterial systems","volume":"5","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"999","article-title":"Green synthesis of copper oxide Nanoparticles using Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium citrinum and Penicillium waksmanii","volume":"7","author":"Honary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Digest. J. Nanomat. Bios."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1173","article-title":"A biological approach for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by Ixora Coccinea leaf extract","volume":"8","author":"Yedurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mat. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0499-2","article-title":"Study of structural and optical properties of cupric oxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Dhineshbabu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2012.05.019","article-title":"Structural and optical characteristics of silver\/poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) nanosystems synthesized by \u03b3-irradiation","volume":"81","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2019.100190","article-title":"Size-dependent antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae\u2013A synthetic and mechanistic approach","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109968","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles against gram positive and gram negative strains","volume":"104","author":"Dadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.472","article-title":"Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Cedrus deodara aqueous extract for antibacterial activity","volume":"36","author":"Ramzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201200772","article-title":"Understanding the antibacterial mechanism of CuO nanoparticles: Revealing the route of induced oxidative stress","volume":"8","author":"Applerot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v4i1.120","article-title":"An nMgO containing scaffold: Antibacterial activity, degradation properties and cell responses","volume":"4","author":"Shuai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprint."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2019). CLSI Document EP100-S23, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/5\/263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:58:21Z","timestamp":1760162301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/5\/263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["md19050263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md19050263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]}}}