{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T09:38:14Z","timestamp":1780997894678,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13-CESA-0019-ACCUTOX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-CESA-0019-ACCUTOX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"French Research Network PHYCOTOX","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006489","name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00c9nergie Atomique et aux \u00c9nergies Alternatives","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Bretagne and the Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) may bio-accumulate high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) during harmful algal blooms of the genus Alexandrium. These blooms regularly occur in coastal waters, affecting oyster health and marketability. The aim of our study was to analyse the PST-sensitivity of nerves of Pacific oysters in relation with toxin bio-accumulation. The results show that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of saxitoxin (STX) sensitivity, thus providing intermediate STX sensitivity compared to other bivalve species. However, theses nerves were much less sensitive to tetrodotoxin. The STX-sensitivity of compound nerve action potential (CNAP) recorded from oysters experimentally fed with Alexandrium minutum (toxic-alga-exposed oysters), or Tisochrysis lutea, a non-toxic microalga (control oysters), revealed that oysters could be separated into STX-resistant and STX-sensitive categories, regardless of the diet. Moreover, the percentage of toxin-sensitive nerves was lower, and the STX concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of CNAP higher, in recently toxic-alga-exposed oysters than in control bivalves. However, no obvious correlation was observed between nerve sensitivity to STX and the STX content in oyster digestive glands. None of the nerves isolated from wild and farmed oysters was detected to be sensitive to tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, this study highlights the good potential of cerebrovisceral nerves of Pacific oysters for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. In addition, this study shows, for the first time, that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of STX sensitivity. The STX sensitivity decreases, at least temporary, upon recent oyster exposure to dinoflagellates producing PST under natural, but not experimental environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19070380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Electrophysiological Evaluation of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Sensitivity to Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Floriane","family":"Boullot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Mol\u00e9culaire Pour la Sant\u00e9 (SIMoS), D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies Pour la Sant\u00e9 (DMTS), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA, ERL CNRS\/CEA 9004, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer, Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS\/UBO\/IRD\/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9436-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Fabioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer, Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS\/UBO\/IRD\/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"H\u00e9garet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer, Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS\/UBO\/IRD\/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Boudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ifremer Bretagne, Ifremer, UMR 6539 (LEMAR) CNRS\/UBO\/IRD\/Ifremer, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Soudant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer, Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS\/UBO\/IRD\/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5501-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyne","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Mol\u00e9culaire Pour la Sant\u00e9 (SIMoS), D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies Pour la Sant\u00e9 (DMTS), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA, ERL CNRS\/CEA 9004, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.012","article-title":"The globally distributed genus Alexandrium: Multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Marine algal toxins: Origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. 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