{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:21:20Z","timestamp":1789471280323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government.","award":["Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarship (KESS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarship (KESS)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease leading to degeneration of articular cartilage, causing morbidity in approximately 8.5 million of the UK population. As the dense extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is primarily composed of collagen, cartilage repair strategies have exploited the biocompatibility and mechanical strength of bovine and porcine collagen to produce robust scaffolds for procedures such as matrix-induced chondrocyte implantation (MACI). However, mammalian sourced collagens pose safety risks such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and possible transmission of viral vectors. This study characterised a non-mammalian jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo) collagen as an alternative, safer source in scaffold production for clinical use. Jellyfish collagen demonstrated comparable scaffold structural properties and stability when compared to mammalian collagen. Jellyfish collagen also displayed comparable immunogenic responses (platelet and leukocyte activation\/cell death) and cytokine release profile in comparison to mammalian collagen in vitro. Further histological analysis of jellyfish collagen revealed bovine chondroprogenitor cell invasion and proliferation in the scaffold structures, where the scaffold supported enhanced chondrogenesis in the presence of TGF\u03b21. This study highlights the potential of jellyfish collagen as a safe and biocompatible biomaterial for both OA repair and further regenerative medicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19080405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Jellyfish Collagen: A Biocompatible Collagen Source for 3D Scaffold Fabrication and Enhanced Chondrogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zara","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia C.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Matin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Mearns-Spragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jellagen Ltd., Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, Wentloog Industrial Estate, Cardiff CF3 2PY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilyas M.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis W.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4137\/CMAMD.S14386","article-title":"Osteoarthritis in young, active and athletic individuals","volume":"7","author":"Amoako","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.03.018","article-title":"The epidemiology and impact of pain in osteoarthritis","volume":"21","author":"Neogi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cart."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4137\/CMAMD.S22147","article-title":"Joint Instability and Osteoarthritis","volume":"8","author":"Blalock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"York Health Economics (2017). The Cost of Arthritis: Calculation conducted on behalf of Arthritis Research UK, Unpublished."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.023820","article-title":"The extracellular matrix at a glance","volume":"123","author":"Frantz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/ar380","article-title":"Collagen of articular cartilage","volume":"4","author":"Eyre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0647-0","article-title":"Processing of collagen based biomaterials and the resulting materials properties","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"a004978","article-title":"The collagen family","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7542.639","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"332","author":"Hunter","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i4.444","article-title":"Enhanced microfracture techniques in cartilage knee surgery: Fact or fiction?","volume":"5","author":"Bark","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4654-z","article-title":"The subchondral bone healing after fixation of an osteochondral talar defect is superior in comparison with microfracture","volume":"26","author":"Reilingh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518756976","article-title":"Matrix-applied characterized autologous cultured chondrocytes versus microfracture: Five-Year Follow-up of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"46","author":"Brittberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rico-Llanos, G.A., Borrego-Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Moncayo-Donoso, M., Becerra, J., and Visser, R. (2021). Collagen Type I Biomaterials as Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040599"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"163","article-title":"Collagen\/chitosan composite scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomedical Composites"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.3390\/md12125881","article-title":"Marine origin collagens and its potential applications","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2015.50322","article-title":"Collagen: Animal sources and biomedical application","volume":"5","author":"Silvipriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-014-1652-8","article-title":"Marine collagen: An emerging player in biomedical applications","volume":"52","author":"Subhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-012-1039-7","article-title":"Increasing jellyfish populations: Trends in large marine ecosystems","volume":"690","author":"Brotz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33959","article-title":"In vivo comparison of jellyfish and bovine collagen sponges as prototype medical devices","volume":"106","author":"Widdowson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaig, I., Randenkovi\u0107, M., Najman, S., Pr\u00f6hl, A., Jung, O., and Barbeck, M. (2020). In vivo analysis of the biocompatibility and immune response of jellyfish collagen scaffolds and its suitability for bone regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124518"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/md9060967","article-title":"Isolation, characterisation and biological evaluation of jellyfish collagen for use in biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Addad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Shao, Z., Li, C., Yu, L., Raja, M.A., and Liu, C. (2017). Isolation, Characterization and Evaluation of Collagen from Jellyfish Rhopilema Esculentum Kishinouye for Use in Hemostatic Applications. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169731"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00979","article-title":"Type I Collagen from Jellyfish Catostylus Mosaicus for Biomaterial Applications","volume":"4","author":"Rastian","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00343","article-title":"Marine collagen substrates for 2D and 3D ovarian cancer cell systems","volume":"7","author":"Paradiso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, December 15). Benefits of Next Generation Collagen for Lab Applications\u2014Jellagen. Available online: https:\/\/www.jellagen.co.uk\/products\/cell-culture-reagents\/benefits-of-next-generation-collagen-for-lab-applications\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.022","article-title":"Jellyfish collagen scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"Hoyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.015","article-title":"Collagen Scaffolds derived from a marine source and their biocompatibilty","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4","article-title":"Combined jellyfish collagen type II, human stem cells and TGF-\u03b23 as a therapecutic implant for cartilage repair","volume":"7","author":"Pugliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-015-9895-4","article-title":"Scaffolds and cells for tissue regeneration: Different scaffold pore sizes- different cell effects","volume":"68","author":"Bagdonas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2007.12.008","article-title":"Natural variation in four human collagen genes across an ethnically diverse population","volume":"91","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2001-2-10-reviews2002","article-title":"Having a BLAST with bioinformatics (and avoiding BLASTphemy)","volume":"2","author":"Pertsemlidis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.034","article-title":"Control of crosslinking for tailoring collagen-based scaffolds stability and mechanics","volume":"25","author":"Davidenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.76463","article-title":"Differential scanning calorimetry: An invaluable tool for a detailed thermodynamic characterization of macromolecules and their interactions","volume":"3","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30475","article-title":"Crosslinking of collagen with dendrimers","volume":"75A","author":"Duan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4137\/BECB.S10961","article-title":"Design strategies of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Bitar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3031863","article-title":"Collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications","volume":"3","author":"Gauvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307310949","article-title":"Biocompatibility: Meeting a key functional requirement of next-generation medical devices","volume":"36","author":"Helmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.512.BJR-2016-0102.R2","article-title":"The use of rats and mice as animal models in ex vivo bone growth and development studies","volume":"5","author":"Abubakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2014.0128","article-title":"In vitro evaulation of a novel non-mulberry silk scaffold for use in tendon regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Musson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33981","article-title":"The effect of ventricular assist device-associated biomaterials on human blood leukocytes","volume":"106","author":"Radley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000205639","article-title":"Phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced platelet aggregation in the presence of inhibitors","volume":"80","author":"Jerushalmy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease","volume":"1843","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-265892","article-title":"Cytokinne release from innate immune cells: Association with diverse membrane trafficking pathways","volume":"118","author":"Lacy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashita, A., Nishikawa, S., and Rancourt, D.E. (2010). Identification of five developmental processes during chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010998"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0479","article-title":"A comparison of three-dimensional culture systems to evaluate in vitro chondrogenesis of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Watts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X","article-title":"Biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.157","article-title":"Repair and tissue engineering techniques for articular cartilage","volume":"11","author":"Makris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00912","article-title":"The surface of articular cartilage contains a progenitor cell population","volume":"117","author":"Dowthwaite","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2018.25.2.65","article-title":"Differential role of transforming growth factor beta- in an Osteoarthritic of healthy joint","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21058","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 signalling in cartilage development and maintenance","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896913517939","article-title":"The wonderful colors of the Hematoxylin-Eosin stain in diagnostic surgical pathology","volume":"22","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1006\/scdb.2000.0243","article-title":"Cartilage proteoglycans","volume":"12","author":"Knudson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.08.009","article-title":"Proteoglycan degradation by the ADAMTS family of proteinases","volume":"1812","author":"Stanton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155414545787","article-title":"Picrosirius red staining: A useful tool to appraise collagen networks in normal and pathological tissues","volume":"62","author":"Lattouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2278","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan profiles of repair tissue formed following autologous chondrocyte implantation differ from control cartilage","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.09.007","article-title":"Cationic agent contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging of cartilage correlates with the compressive modulus and coefficient of friction","volume":"21","author":"Lakin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00537.x","article-title":"Fell-Muir Lecture: From collagen chemistry towards cell thearpy\u2014A personal journey","volume":"88","author":"Grant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21258","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"213","author":"Goldring","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.07.004","article-title":"Regenerative approaches for cartilage repair in the treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.186","article-title":"Pellet culture elicits superior chondrogenic redifferentiation than alginate-based systems","volume":"25","author":"Bernstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.250.43","article-title":"Synthetic extracellular matrices for cell transplantation","volume":"Volume 250","author":"Peters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Materials Science Forum"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00239-3","article-title":"Hydrogels for biomedical engineering","volume":"54","author":"Hoffman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.08.027","article-title":"Engineering cartilage tissue","volume":"60","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2011.06.009","article-title":"Characterisation of a large family of polymorphic collagen-like proteins in the endospore-forming bacterium Pasteuria ramosa","volume":"162","author":"McElroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.06.117","article-title":"The effect of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide Suture coating on tendon repair strength and cell viability in a canine model","volume":"40","author":"Thoreson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"497","article-title":"The role of the host immune response in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Lanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Principles of Tissue Engineering"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2013.0545","article-title":"Scaffold mean pore size influences mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation and matrix deposition","volume":"21","author":"Matsiko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"82","article-title":"Biomaterials and host versus graft response: A short review","volume":"16","author":"Velnar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"135","article-title":"Collagen-based forumlations for wound healing applications","volume":"Volume 2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wound Healing Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2008.07.002","article-title":"Fish gelatin: Properties, challenges, and prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins","volume":"23","author":"Karim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.80154","article-title":"Mode of action of the immunostimulatory effect of collagen from jellyfish","volume":"72","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeuken, R.M., Roth, A.K., Peters, R.J.R.W., Donkelaar, C.C.V., Thies, J.C., Rhijn, L.W.V., and Emans, P.J. (2016). Polymers in cartilage defect repair of the knee: Current status and future prospects. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8060219"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobi, M., Villa, V., Mmagussen, R.A., and Neyret, P. (2011). MACI\u2014A new era?. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2555-3-10"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603515607963","article-title":"Evaluating joint morbidity after chondral harvest for autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI): A study of ACI-treated ankles and hips with a knee chondral harvest","volume":"7","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0650","article-title":"Marine collagen scaffolds for nasal cartilage repair: Prevention of nasal septal perforations in a new orthotopic rat model using tissue engineering techniques","volume":"19","author":"Bermueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2015.0365","article-title":"Optimal seeding densities for in vitro chondrogenesis of two- and three- dimensional isolated and expanded bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells within a porous collagen scaffold","volume":"22","author":"Bornes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.15.31","article-title":"Critical review on the physical and mechanical factors involved in tissue engineering of cartilage","volume":"10","author":"Gaut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2019.100005","article-title":"Biomimetic hydroxyapatite\/collagen composite drives bone niche recapitulation in a rabbit orthotopic model","volume":"2","author":"Minardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015011","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/8\/1\/015011","article-title":"Adhesion dynamics and durotaxis in migrating cells","volume":"8","author":"Harland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.12.001","article-title":"Mechanical loading stimulates chondrogenesis via the PKA\/CREB-Sox9 and PP2A pathways in chicken micromass cultures","volume":"26","author":"Matta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31384","article-title":"Dynamic compression modulates chondrocyte proliferation and matrix biosynthesis in chitosan\/gelatin scaffolds","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0745-3","article-title":"Scaffolding in tissue engineering: General approaches and tissue-specific considerations","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.06.004","article-title":"Shape-memory collgaen scaffold for enhanced cartilage regeneration: Native collagen versus denatured collagen","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290602","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/290602","article-title":"Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: A review","volume":"2011","author":"Dhandayuthapani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/8\/405\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:22Z","timestamp":1760164402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/19\/8\/405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["md19080405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md19080405","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]}}}